Leo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,

Leo Haines Professor Capozzi Research Paper April 29, 2017 Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was a famous author of short stories and articles. Kate was born on February 8, 1850, in St. Louis Missouri, and she grew up speaking English and French. After her husband has passed in 1882, and that is when her writing career launched. In most of her novels and stories her characters are bilingual, also known as fluent in two languages. Kate Chopin using the theme of feminism in her stories, â€Å"The Awakening†, â€Å"The Storm†, and â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† where she illustrates the use of the feminist movement and where she describes women’s sexualaity in her writings. During Kate Chopin’s time, feminism was not much different than it is today. Most feminists†¦show more content†¦The quote demonstrates the feminist theory and that is was thought that all women were oppressed. In this story, marriage seems to be displayed as the male having control of the women. Also, the story gives us the intention that Mrs. Mallard t hought she was not allowed to express her own thoughts, which was probably true. After her husband passes away, she realizes how free she is and transforms into her own individual person. Right after Mrs. Mallard has these deep thoughts, we begin to hear her sister calling her Louise. With her being called by her original name, we can identify that she is now equal to men, and she is her own person instead of being held back as a wife. A second story that portrays the idea of feminism is â€Å"The Awakening†, also by Kate Chopin. Edna, who happens to be the protagonist in the story who is an honorable woman who recognizes not only her desires but as well as her courage. Women who were of the Victorian decent, were believed to act in a certain manner, which is taking care of everyone in the household. Edna desired freedom, and was lived by her close friend who goes by the name of Mademoiselle. During the 19th century, the normal life of a woman consisted of being married, mai ntaining domestic relationships, and carrying a child. The book states that Mr.

Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 932 Words

Alexis Binch Ms. Stevens English 9 Honors 6th May 2016 Capital Punishment Tom Robinson is a Black, unfairly tried, innocent character being tried for Capital Punishment for falsely accused of raping a white girl in the book â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† (Lee, Harper.). This is clearly wrong. Governments should not concern itself with taking people s lives. Capital punishment is a legally authorised killing for a crime. In the modern United States capital punishment is only used for punishing murder. The 1930’s was the decade in which had the highest rate of capital punishment in American history. In that decade only two states made capital punishment illegal. Capital punishment is unjust because of the eighth amendment which wherein is†¦show more content†¦Putting a person into excruciating pain purposely would seem unusual and cruel. No matter what a person has done they should not be punished to such extent. The purpose of punishment is to show an example to prevent an action from happening. If the government itself is to inflict just as the person who is being punished inflicts then the government is at the same level or lower as the person being punished. This only creates an example of murder or destruction. On April 22nd, 1983 John Evans was executed and â€Å"After the first jolt of electricity, sparks and flames erupted†¦ to Evans s leg. The electrode burst from the strap holding it in place and caught on fire†¦ Two physicians entered the chamber and found a heartbeat†¦ and another jolt of electricity was applied. This resulted in more smoke and burning flesh. Again the doctors found a heartbeat†¦ a third jolt of electricity was applied. The execution took 14 minutes and left Evans s body charred and smoldering.† (Radelet, Michael L.) Often the health factors of the victim can add to the suffering. Electrocution can lead to singeing of hair or skin, which one could argue, is cruel and unusual. Capital Punishment should not be used because not everyone sentenced to it is guaranteed to be guilty and the finality of the punishment. Killing someone can not be reversed. One can’t reimburse someone for taking their life. If a person was proven

Titians Altarpieces Essay Example For Students

Titians Altarpieces Essay What was the importance of these two altarpieces for the development of paintingin Venice, both from a stylistic and iconographic point of view? It has beensaid that Titians Assunta, which adorns the high altar, and Pesaro (on theleft aisle of the chapel of the Immaculate Conception) stand mid-way between thepast and the future of Venetian painting. This infers that Titian drew onestablished traditions learnt from his masters Bellini and Giorgione, and imbuedhis works with a freshness and inspiration not seen before. Furthermore, itbecomes apparent that his sensitive construction of the works consideringthe authority of his patrons facilitate a depth of interpretation whichhighlight both the sacred and civic concerns of the time. To illustrateTitians progressive role in Venetian art history, I will draw on Renaissancedocumentation, and contemporary research that notes the stylistic andiconographic elements of these altarpieces. In 1568 the Florentine chroniclerVasari wrote of Titian, Titianwho has adorned with great pictures the Cityof Venicedeserves the love and respect of all craftsmen, who ought to admireand imitate him in many things. For he is a painter who has producedworkwhichwill live as long as the memory of illustrious men endures . This isa useful starting point for such an investigation: this representation is valid,since Vasari had met and spoken to him while writing the book, and being aFlorentine he wasnt so susceptible to employing the Venetian rhetoric whichcould tend to be biased The contemporary chronicler Ludovico Dolce recorded theshock and criticism the Assunta attracted when it was first unveiled. Suchcontroversy points to its radicalism and supports assertions that it wasinfluential for developing artists: For all the panels grandeur andawesomeness, the oafish painters and the foolish masses, who until then hadseen nothing but the dead and cold works of Giovanni Bellini, of Gentile, and ofVivarino, which were without movement and modelli ng, grossly defamed thepicture. Then, as envy cooled and the truth slowly dawned on them, people beganto marvel at the new style established in Venice by Titian There is goodreason to conclude that the Assunta and Pesaro altarpieces rank amongst thefinest and most notary of Titians works. In his book, The Altarpiece inRenaissance Venice, Peter Humfrey claims that the exceptionally large number ofchurches in Venice elevated the prevalence of this style, as they all needed tobe decorated. The lack of fresco painting (due to the humid climate) meant morepanel paintings were constructed, and so Venetian painters tended toconcentrate their most ambitious effortson altar painting Limitations ofthe investigation The lack of primary documentation from this era hinders ourability to place the artwork in its socio-cultural context. When relying on therhetoric of the State-appointed historians, we must consider the bias thatresults from their upholding of the Myth of Venice. Obviously, the val ueof these to the research question is limited; being contemporary, they areunable to describe Titians long-term influence on Venetian painting. Definition of key terms When analysing artwork from a stylistic point of view,all visual (not metaphorical) factors are taken into account. Issues ofcomposition, symmetry and asymmetry, colour palette, application of paint, andrendering of forms are all relevant. Iconography refers to any elements of thepainting that can be left open for a religious or sacred interpretation. Thesetwo points of view are inextricably linked: for example, the placement (re:composition, thus stylistic element) of the Madonna and Child, elevated in thecentre of a devotional painting also has iconographic references: this was theirtraditional position, and portrayed their roles as intercessors between thefigures below, and God in Heaven above. In this context, the altarpiece refersto a painting set behind an above the altar in a Christian church. Paintedaltarpieces might be accompanied by sculpture, as in the case of TitiansAssunta, which features three free-standing marble figures on the frame. Theterm sa cra conversazione refers to the type of composition made popular byBellini, where a group of saints are gathered in a unified space. Anyconversation between saints is solely spiritual and internal;paradoxically, as soon as obvious communication takes place (in the case ofTitians Pesaro), the composition no longer conforms to what constitutes asacra conversazione . Established traditions in altarpiece design Titian waspainting amongst the turbulent climate of the age of Reformation and theCounter-Reformation: this may have influenced his work, endowing it with agreater sense of drama and more overt display of emotion which is evidentespecially in Assunta. This was a significant development from the entrenchedVenetian style established by Bellini: his altarpieces were characteristicallytranquil and meditive (Humfrey refers to Bellinis Diletti, S. Giobbe and StCatherine of Sienna altarpieces in defining the sacra conversazione). His styleembodies the Venetian ethos of La Serenissima. S tylistic developments inAssunta and Pesaro altarpieces While depictions of the Assumption scene had beenpainted by such names as Vivarini and Palma Vecchio, Titians subjects aremuch more powerfully built and more dynamic in their gestures than therelatively angular and timid figures in the earlier altarpieces. There is a moodof vivacity and upward movement, driven by the shifts in dark and light throughthe three zones (disciples, Madonna, God and angels). The viewers eye isarrested by the raised arms of the disciples, the foreshortening of thevirgins body refuses to let the eye rest, until it reaches the sweeping groupof angels. Rosand affirms the stylistic importance of this work, in suggestingthat its unveiling heralded the arrival of the classical High Renaissance inVenice. Titians dramatic gestures and breadth of form draws comparisons tothe art of Raphael, and in particular, his Assumption. Some scholars suggestTitian may have seen preparatory sketches for this work around the time hereceived the commission for Assunta , in which case the originality of his workis dubious. However, the fact that he hadnt yet undertaken the artistspilgrimage to Rome and viewed the works of Raphael and his contemporaries,offers credibility in terms of his artistic innovation. A justification of whyAssunta was not accepted by the patron, Guardian of the Fransiscan order, FraGermano, was because the human forms are too sensual. A highly rhetoricalpassage from a 1910 book by Charles Ricketts, asserts that the face of Marysatisfies us as expressing ecstasy in a human type . While being ultimatelysubjective, it sheds light on how people would personally react to it. Theexuberant vitality would have been frightening and even offensive, togenerations used to Bellinis style. The Assunta is notable in combining twosignificant biblical events: the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, and theCoronation. The Coronation was a theme most usually represented in a horizontalformat, yet perhaps t his extensive thematic content would have offered morescope for drama and innovation when it was to be set in a tall, arched format. Reflections of a Culture Past EssayFrancis position makes him intercessor between the Pesaro family and Christ. These allusions to the Passion become explicit in the depiction of the two puttiin the clouds, who support a large wooden cross. The extent of the Pesarosiconographic significance can be challenged with the knowledge of the particulartroubles Titian had to overcome regarding the placement of the work. The viewerfirst encounters the altarpiece from an angle, approaching the high altar. Hence, the composition must accommodate not only this view, but a full-frontalperspective. It seems that these conditions would have challenged Titianscreativity, and the question of what stands due to necessity and what stands asiconography in this work makes analysis a complicated issue. With the Assunta,Goffen suggests that the stylistic feature of circular forms carriesiconographic relevance. While they unify the composition within the painting,the curved architecture of the choir screen and the apse, they refermetaphorically to God, circles being His geometric equivalent . The goldtones prevalent in the work allow for a similar reading, that golden lightrepresents His divine illumination. The light becomes more intense and golden aswe cross the boundary between the mundane and the sacred realms, reaching itsfull density when it reaches God. This golden light and illumination embodiesMarys triumph over sin and death. The extent to which the role of patronageinhibited artistic inn ovation We have an inhibited ability to interpret works asreflections of the artists innovation and artistic development since theywere largely contrived according to the demands of the patrons. In TitiansPesaro, Jacopo Pesaros demands were well documented. The terms of Titianscommission stipulated that he include full-length kneeling portraits of Jacopo,his brothers and nephew . In meeting these requirements, this could perhapsaccount for Titians unusual composition, and if true, it negates theinterpretation of significant stylistic innovation. It appears Pesaro wantednumerous images represented in his altarpiece, supported by Ettlinger whostudied the iconography of the columns: Pesarobelieved that a successfulintegration of all elements could be achieved . Alongside the depiction ofthe Immaculate Conception (and his veneration of it), the inclusion of hisfamily, and emblems which celebrated his illustrious military career wereinvolved. The presence of so much diverse symbolism com plicates aninterpretation of the artworks iconography, which has been demonstrated inthe plethora of scholars explanations in regard to the columns in thebackground of the Pesaro altarpiece. As a Mendicant friar, Fra Germano Casalecould not own property, although he is commerated as the patron of theAssunta . The date of unveiling and his name is inscribed on the frame, whichsufficiently serves as documentation of the patronage and commission. Even ifGermano relied on bequests to the Frari to fund the work, his vested interestsare apparent when we read of his constant harassing of Titian while it was beingpainted. It reinforces the notion raised with the Pesaro, that the presence ofthe patrons places an influence on the outcome of the painting, so much so thatit enables interpretations based on the political and social interests of thepatrons. It is the many possible readings of these works, not only from astylistic and iconographic point of view, that make the Assunta and Pesaro su chenigmatic and monumental works. In capturing the ideals and beliefs from theirtime while exhibiting such progressive artistic features, they hold greatimportance for the development of painting in Venice. Bibliography1. Anderson, J. The Genius of Venice 1500-1600, in Art International,vol.27 April/June 1984 p.15-22 2. Ettlinger, H. The Iconography of theColumns in Titians Pesaro Altarpiece, in Art Bulletin vol.61, 1979 p.59-673. Goffen, R. Piety and Patronage in Renaissance Venice: Bellini, Titian and theFransiscans, New Haven, Yale (1996) 4. Humfrey, P. The Altarpiece in RenaissanceVenice, New Haven and London (1993) 5. Licht, F. Titian: The Majestic Voiceof All Venice, in Art International no.11 Summer 1990 p.90-93 6. Ricketts, C. Titian Methuen ; Co.Ltd, London, 1910 7. Rosand, D. Painting in CinquecentoVenice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, New Haven and London (1982) 8. Rosenthal,M. In my view Titians reputation: the limitations of history, inApollo, Dec. 93 p.395-8 9. Tietze, H. Titian: The Paintings and Drawings ThePhaidon Press Ltd, London 1950

Motivational Interviewing free essay sample

Reprinted with permission from Health Communications, publisher of Counselor (formerly Professional Counselor), www. counselormagazine. com. All rights reserved. Removing Barriers: Dual Diagnosis Treatment and Motivational Interviewing In the past, traditional treatment methods for drug addiction and alcoholism have been characteristically intense and confrontational. They are designed to break down a client’s denial, defenses, and/or resistance to his or her addictive disorders, as they are perceived by the provider. Admissions criteria to substance abuse treatment programs usually require abstinence from all illicit substances. Potential clients are expected to have some awareness of the problems caused by substance abuse and be motivated to receive treatment. In contrast, traditional treatment methods for mental illness have been supportive, benign and non-threatening. They are designed to maintain the clients already-fragile defenses. Clients entering the mental health system are generally not seeking treatment for their substance abuse problems. Frequently clients within the mental health system who actively abuse drugs and alcohol are not formally identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they are, they do not admit to such substance use. As some attention began to focus on clients with both substance abuse problems and mental illnesses, it quickly became apparent that new methods and interventions were necessary. Working with dual disorder clients who deny substance abuse, who are unmotivated for substance abuse treatment, and who are unable to tolerate intense confrontation, required a new model, a non-confrontational approach to the engagement and treatment of this special population. I first developed such a treatment model in 1984, with the goal of providing nonjudgmental acceptance of all symptoms and experiences related to both mental illness and substance disorders. A brief history Such treatment interventions and integrated programs which truly adapted to the needs of severely mentally ill chemical abusers had their genesis in 1984 at a New York state outpatient psychiatric facility. In 1985, these integrated treatment programs were implemented across multiple program sites. Concurrently, treatment and program elements were taught through training seminars in New York as well as nationally. In September 1986, the New York State Commission on Quality of Care (CQC) released the findings of 18 months of research. In their report, they described the detachment and downward spiral of dually diagnosed consumers, who were bounced among different systems with no definitive locus of responsibility. As a result, New York’s governor designated the state Office of Mental Health as the lead agency responsible for coordinating collective efforts for this population. The commission visited the dual diagnosis programs developed in 1984, and declared the treatment interventions, the training, and integrated programs to be positive solutions to the dilemma. When a 1987 Time magazine investigation of these programs revealed that at least 50 percent of the 1. 5 million to 2 million Americans with severe mental illness abuse illicit drugs or alcohol as compared to 15 percent of the general population the doubly troubled were brought to the attention of the general public. A gubernatorial task force declared its vision for statewide program development and a training site for program and staff development in the treatment of mentally ill chemical abusers was created to attain that vision. Short-term and on-going training and program development was provided to hundreds of New York’s treatment providers at both state and local mental health and substance abuse agencies. Consumer-led and family-support programs were also developed. The state produced a training video that demonstrated the integrated treatment model, however, the training site closed in 1990 due to budgetary considerations. Programs and groups that grew out of this model continue to be an important nucleus of current services in New York and nationally. These treatment interventions evolved in adaptation to the needs of the dual diagnosis clients. Methods and philosophies clearly differed from traditional substance abuse treatment. Consumers who were actively abusing substances, physically addicted, unstable, and unmotivated, were engaged through a non-confrontational approach to denial and resistance, and acceptance of all symptoms. Consumers participated in treatment groups without pressure to self-disclose, and explored topics from their own erspectives. Subsequent providers either learned from this model, or came upon similar processes through their own experimentation. How it works The phase-by-phase interventions from denial to abstinence begin by assessing the clients readiness to engage in treatment. Readiness levels are accepted as starting points for treatment, rather than points of confrontat ion or criteria for elimination. Mental health and substance abuse programs who integrate these programs, implement screening forms to identify clients who have dual disorders. Identified clients are followed up for engagement and assessment of readiness. Clients are encouraged to participate in dual diagnosis treatment even if they do not accept or agree to the presence of a substance disorder. Clients may participate on the basis of their interest in learning more about mental health and substance disorders, or with the belief that they may be able to lend support to others who are seeking help, among other reasons. The process then proceeds from identification to the engagement phase. The objective in the engagement phase is to develop comfortable and trusting relationships and, if possible, to expose the client to information about the etiology and processes of these illnesses in an empathic and educational manner. The client is given the opportunity to critique the information presented, rather than being told about any particular fact. Interaction effects between symptoms of mental illness and substance disorders are also included in this exploration. Clients at this phase are not required to disclose personal experiences or to admit they use or abuse substances until they are comfortable doing so. The inclusion of educational materials and discussion topics allows for discussion of the issues and impersonal participation. Clients are encouraged to move along a continuum from â€Å"exploration† to â€Å"acknowledgment† of their symptoms. This includes: * attaining a level of trust necessary to discuss their own use of substances and/or symptoms of mental illness; * the exploration and subsequent discovery of any problems or interaction affects that result from substance use and mental health symptoms; * considerations and motivation for addressing these problems; * active engagement in a process f treatment that seeks to eliminate symptoms; * attainment of partial or full remission; * and participation in an individualized maintenance regime for relapse prevention. These programs are implemented as components of existing mental health, and substance abuse programs, and thereby provide integrated treatment. Materials developed for the implementation of this treatme nt process include screening instruments, with separate instruments used for detecting substance abuse among persons who are known to have a mental illness, and detecting mental illness among those persons who are known to have substance abuse/dependence. The pre-group interview provides engagement strategies and a scale to indicate the clients level of readiness or motivation to participate in treatment. The comprehensive assessment reviews past and present mental illness, substance abuse, and interaction effects. Forms for progress reviews and updates include criteria necessary to measure change throughout the phases of movement toward readiness for treatment, active treatment, and relapse prevention. Forms for data collection include programmatic information regarding statistics, client participation, and outcome. See Figure one. Figure 1: Sciacca Treatment Model for Dual Diagnosis* Program Form/Intervention 1. Screening: Mental health, dual disorders, DD CAGE, substance abuse, MISF. 2. Pre-group interview and readiness scale. Engagement. Process and Outcome Identification of potential dual diagnosis clients. a. Engagement into group treatment; b. Assessment of readiness level (1-5). Client requires engagement beyond pre-group interview. Phase 1: Client does not disclose personal situation, participates in discussions or educational materials/topics, develops trust. 3. Continuation of engagement (when applicable). 4. Provide group treatment. 5. Complete monthly data form for each group. . Administer comprehensive assessment (phase two): Phase 2: a. Client discusses own a. Integrate information into treatment plan; b. Make diagnosis. 7. Client progress review updated periodically, includes readiness scale. substance abuse/mental health. Continuation of Phase 2: b. Client identifies adverse effects, and/or interaction between dual disorders Continuation of Phase 2 : c. Client recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase 3: a. Client becomes motivated for treatment. b. Client actively engages in treatment and symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. . Client participates in relapse prevention. 8. Client continues in treatment and/or relapse prevention. *from Journal of Mental Health Administration, Vol. 23,No. 3 Summer 1996, SAGE Publications Program Developmnet Across Systems for Dual Diagnosis: Mental Illness Drug Addiction and Alcoholism, MIDAA by: Sciacca, K. Thompson, C.. pp. 288-297. Motivational interviewing As the dual diagnosis treatment model for substance abuse treatment evolved within the mental health system, motivational interviewing evolved within the field of alcoholism treatment. Some striking similarities can be found in both philosophy and methodology in comparison to dual diagnosis treatment, including the points of departure from traditional substance abuse treatment: Dual disorder treatment and motivational interviewing: * forego traditional treatment-readiness criteria and begin at the clients stage of readiness/motivation and degree of symptomatology. * do not utilize intense, confrontational interventions in response to denial or resistance. * advocate the need for the development of trust as essential to the treatment process. advocate acceptance, empathy and respect for the clients perceptions, beliefs and opinions. They tolerate disagreement and dispel moral and judgmental beliefs. * do not interpret relapse as treatment failure, or employ punitive consequences. * convey and/or provide a hopeful vision, a belief in the possibility of change, and support self-efficacy. The authors of motivational interviewing (Miller and Rollnick, 1991) detailed t he underlying beliefs that form the foundation for intense confrontational traditional substance abuse treatment. They have conducted literature searches and research around the principles of this foundation and have found no supporting evidence for these widely held beliefs. One main example is the belief that motivation is a personality problem. This assumption is that alcoholics, addicts, offenders, etc. , possess extremely potent defense mechanisms that are deeply ingrained in their personality and character. These defenses are considered to be nonresponsive to ordinary means of therapy and thereby justify aggressive confrontational interventions. In view of their findings Miller and Rollnick assert that here is not, and never has been, a scientific basis for the assertion that alcoholics (let alone people suffering from all addictive behaviors) manifest a common consistent personality pattern characterized by excessive ego-defense mechanisms. Within motivational interviewing, confrontation is recognized as a treatment goal not a style. It is part of the change process that includes awaren ess raising. It is likened to Carl Rogers’ client-centered philosophy, which sought to provide a safe atmosphere for the examination of self and change. Like dual diagnosis treatment, confrontation is not used in response to clients denial or resistance. A state of readiness Motivational interviewing strategies correlate to client readiness based upon the stages of change theory (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1984). Stages of change are represented in the form of the wheel of change, which indicates that one can go around the wheel several times. (See Figure 2 for stages, motivational interviewing and dual diagnosis correlates. ) The five principles of motivational interviewing that entail a therapists style as well as strategy also correlate to dual diagnosis treatment interventions. See Figure 3 below. ) Figure 2: Stages of Change and Accompanying Tasks Stages of Change Prochaska and DiClemente Motivation al Interviewi ng Task Miller and Rollnick Dual Diagnois Phase Sciacca Dual Diagnosis Intervention Task Sciacca 1. Precontemplation stage: Person does not consider the possibility for change. Raise doubt; increase clients perception of risks and problems with current behavior. Identification and Engagement: Client identification; engagement process; assessment of readiness level. Phase One: Client is not required to disclose personal situation; participates in discussions of educational topics and materials; develops Engage client to participate in a treatment process that includes exposure and discussion of numerous elements of addictive disorders, recovery, mental illness and interactions effects. Client participation does not require acknowledgment of substance abuse problem. 2. Contemplation stage: Marked by ambivalence; person both considers change and rejects it. Tip the balance, evoke reasons to change, risks of not changing, strengthen selfefficacy. Provide information about discrete disorders and dual disorders; express empathy regarding the real properties of these disorders, including physiology and the process of recovery; dispel moral beliefs and judgements; allow client to participate as critic of information; respect clients knowledge and opinions. trust. 3. Preparation -Determination stage: Person considers various strategies for change. Help client determine best course of action. Phase Two: Client discusses own substance use and mental health; identifies adverse effects and/or interactions between dual disorders; recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase Three: Client becomes motivated for treatment; actively engages in treatment or symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. Phase Three: Client participates in relapse prevention. Assist client to identify and understand adverse effects of symptoms and behavior; provide information and discussion of strategies and treatment approaches that have potential to bring symptoms into remission; administer comprehensive assessment and convey findings to client. 4. Action stage: Person engages in particular actions designed to bring about change. Help client to take steps toward change. Support client’s efforts toward change, including selfefficacy; assist client to make necessary adjustments to utilization of strategies and/or adjunct services or interventions; assist client to recognize or acknowledge positive effects of change as it occurs; assist client to recognize need for continued supports for sustained change. 5. Maintenance stage: Person strives to sustain changes made in action phase. Help client identify and use strategies to prevent relapse; client may exit wheel, into permanent maintenance. Help client renew process of contemplation, determination and action, without becoming stuck or demoralized due to relapse. Assist client to develop network of supports; utilize and adjust to each of these supports; gain a working understanding of clients motivation for change; explore and understand client’s use of deterrents from previous behaviors; explore and avoid potential relapse pitfalls. 6. Relapse stage: Person has minor slips or major relapses; seen as normal part of change process. Relapse: Client has minor slip or major relapse. Assist client to renew motivation and efforts; explore utilization of, or failure to, utilize previous deterrents to relapse; explore and discover possible pitfalls; help client to learn from relapse; relapse is not considered to be a failure of treatment; client does not suffer treatmentmodel-imposed consequences; empathy, support and encouragement are provided until client moves beyond relapse. Removing barriers Dual diagnosis treatment approaches and motivational interviewing interventions represent far-reaching changes for substance abuse treatment and comprehensive services, within both the mental health and substance abuse systems. The removal of the long-standing barriers of traditional substance abuse treatment readiness criteria opens the way for persons with various profiles of singular, dual and multiple disorders, including the homeless, the incarcerated, and others who have been disengaged. These people will be provided an opportunity to develop the trust necessary to participate in an exploration of their situation, and thereby to make informed decisions regarding change These non-confrontational, non-threatening approaches that are necessary for those who have a severe mental illness will also embrace others who might never have the opportunity to participate in substance abuse treatment due to their inability to acknowledge substance abuse as a problem, become motivated, or tolerate intense confrontational interactions. Figure 3: Motivational Interviewing Principles And Dual Diagnosis Correlates Motivational Interviewing Technique 1. Express empathy. This is seen as the corner-stone of the intervention process and relates to all and any experiences conveyed by the client. It is marked by the underlying attitude of acceptance. It includes warmth and reflective listening in an effort to understand the clients feelings and perspectives without judging, criticizing or blaming. It conveys respect. Ambivalence is accepted as a normal part of human experience not as psychopathology. 2. Develop discrepancy. Awareness of consequences is important. A discrepancy between present behavior and important goals will motivate change. The client should present the arguments for change. Dual Diagnosis Correlate Acceptance of all symptoms in all phases is essential. The development of trust is a part of the treatment process. Understanding and pro-viding information about the real properties of each disorder, and dispelling moral beliefs, stigma and judgments is a formative goal. Provide atmosphere that is conducive for client to move toward self disclosure through trust. Assist client to recognize adverse effects and consequences of singular/dual disorders and interaction effects through an integral understanding of information and personal experience. Acknowledge and actualize clients considerations for change through discussion. 3. Avoid Argumentation. Arguments are counter productive. Defending breeds defensiveness. Resistance is a signal to change strategies. Labeling is unnecessary. Clients opinions and beliefs are respected. Therapist and peers may hold different views but they are not expressed in rebuttal to clients beliefs. Defending is unnecessary. A non-confrontational approach to resistance or denial is utilized. Client explores effects or symptoms of various disorders and does not have to accept labels. Topic areas are explored from many different perspectives, with client as critic versus student. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. In group treatment all clients participate in finding solutions for themselves and one another. Support, encouragement and the belief in the possibility of change is essential. For clients who have severe mental ealth symptoms that may impair a vision for the future, the therapist must envision the outcome of change and pre-sent such possibilities to the client. The client participates in the course of action for change. 4. Roll with resistance. New perspectives are invited by not imposed. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. 5. Support self-efficacy. Belief in the possibility of change is an important motiv ator. The client is responsible for choosing and carrying out personal change. There is hope in the range of alternative approaches available. As the number of mental health and other providers who find the new nonconfrontational approaches to be comfortable and in keeping with their therapeutic style increases, the total number of substance abuse treatment providers will rise correspondingly. This will greatly increase the availability of substance abuse services. Most important, the quality of care will proceed in the direction of the development of trust, respect, empathy, empowerment, and will measure success along a multitude of criteria. The systemic changes will yield both mental health and substance abuse agencies more comprehensive in scope. This will change the course of history that has eliminated dually diagnosed clients and other client profiles who have been deemed unmotivated or not ready for treatment. Agencies may readily include services that employ an exploratory versus expert approach. This will provide many opportunities to provide education within all models of service. For some substance abuse practitioners dual diagnosis treatment and motivational interviewing interventions may represent a dramatic departure from their current practice and echniques. Miller and Rollnick suggest that motivational interviewing techniques be included in ones tool box of interventions and be utilized when traditional approaches fail. It is clear that these new interventions and efforts to accomplish comprehensive care will carry forward into the new millennium. Each of these changes represents models of inclusion and will replace the exclusionary models that have resulted in serious casualties among persons who suffer with sin gular, dual or multiple disorders. Kathleen Sciacca is founding executive director of Sciacca Comprehensive Service Development for Mental Illness, Drug Addiction and Alcoholism (MIDAA) in New York City. She is a nationally and internationally known consultant, program developer, lecturer, and seminar leader for dual diagnosis and a trainer of motivational interviewing. Sciacca is author of the MIDAA Service Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Program Implementation and Integrated Treatment for Dual Disorders, and producer of the education and training video, Integrated Treatment for MIDAA: The Alaska Example. Dual Diagnosis Website: http://pobox. com/~dualdiagnosis Motivational interviewing free essay sample Introduction Motivational interviewing may be defined as â€Å"a collaborative, goal-oriented style of communication with particular attention to the language of change. It is designed to strengthen personal motivation for and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the person’s own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion† (Miller and Rollnick 2012). It is this students aim to demonstrate an understanding of this concept. This will be achieved by critiquing a digital recording of a case scenario that this student previously recorded. Throughout this essay an understanding of the guiding principles used in motivational interviewing will be discussed along with interviewing skills. This student will critique herself on the use of the guiding principles and skills during the digital recording. Skills Motivational Interviewing (MI) involves certain techniques that help bring MI ‘to life’ so to speak. These skills demonstrate the MI principles; they guide the process toward provoking patient change talk and commitment change. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Change talk in a patient is an indication for the nurse the patient is considering the possibility of change. There are different types of change talk which can be described using the acronym DARN. D- Desire (I want to change) A- ability (I can change) R- reason (the importance of change) and N-need (I should change). Another set of vital skills are used to bring about this ‘change talk’. This time the acronym OARS is used. O- Open ended question; these questions are not easily answered by simply saying ‘yes/no’. These questions encourage elaboration. A- Affirmation; these are statements that help recognise patients strengths; this helps the patient feel that change is possible. R- Reflection; this is an important skill in MI; it links in the principle ‘listen with empathy’. This skill is about listening carefully to give reflective responses. This helps the patient feel that s/he is being understood. S- Summarise; this allows the nurse and patient recap on the highlights of the conversation, it can see both sides of the patient’s ambivalence therefore both the patient and nurse can select what information should be included and what information can be minimised. Throughout the digital recording I felt as though I severely lacked these skills however change talk did occur throughout the end with the patient stating â€Å"I know I should change†. Principles The principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI) were developed in 2002; expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing discrepancy and rolling with resistance (Miller and Rollnick, 2002). Recently new principles were established using the acronym RULE; R- resist the righting reflex, U- understand your clients motivation, L- listen to your client and E- empower your client (Rollnick 2008). Resist the righting reflex: correcting a patient or giving them an alternative rather than providing guidance is often a common flaw among nurses. Resist the righting reflex refers to the inclination of wanting to fix the problem straight away and by doing so decreasing the likelihood of the patient themselves wanting to change (Rosengren, 2009). Throughout the digital recording I can see myself wanting to change the persons smoking habit asking her â€Å"have you ever thought about giving up As it is seriously affecting your health. † Instead I should have asked a more open question such as â€Å"How do you feel about cutting down on cigarettes? † . As a nurse, we have the desire to help our patients change a situation so they become happier, healthier or perhaps lead a more productive life-style. The phrase â€Å"resist the righting reflex† refers to the need to resist the tendency to set our patients on the right track towards the goal we want to achieve with them. As humans we have a natural tendency to avoid persuasion (Rollnick and Miller 2002). We can see this in the digital recording at the start, the minute I offer for her to go and see â€Å"someone†, she immediately backs up by saying â€Å"no, it’s not the right time†. According to Herman et al 2011, when we, as humans, hear reasons why we should change, our minds automatically contemplate reasons why we shouldn’t. In this situation the patient has other â€Å"issues† going on in her life at the present moment rather that quitting smoking. As a nurse I have to accept this. It was poorly portrayed in the digital recording in my opinion. Resistance is the active process of pushing against reason for change (Herman et al 2011). This active process can be influenced by nurses either positively or negatively. Increased resistance may occur by convincing the patient they have a problem, arguing the benefits of change if the patient changes, by telling the patient how to change and by warning the patient of the consequences if they do not change (Moyers et al, 2007). In the digital recording, I can see myself using these negative influences, I warn the patient of serious health consequences caused by smoking, I also say that her â€Å"angina is linked with smoking†. In future I will not take such a harsh approach and let the patient realise him/herself the situation with guidance from myself. I can see I interrupt the patient quite frequently which naturally enough puts strain on the conversation. However, as nurses we can positively influence the patient by using the concept developed by Rollnick and Miller (2002); â€Å"rolling with resistance†. This principle avoids confronting the patient when resistance occurs. Any proclamations or action that may demonstrate resistance remain unchallenged. This in turn helps the patient to define their own problem and therefore can develop a unique solution which leaves little time to resist. In other words, the nurse through guidance and support avoids the ‘righting reflex’, he/she lets the patient express their problem and concern and with guidance, construct a solution while making sure the patient understands the motives for change. Towards the end of the digital recording we can hear ‘change talk’, the patient states â€Å"I know smoking is bad†, I feel I did guide the patient better towards the end eventually getting a deeper insight to her situation and felt a sense of achievement. Understand your patient motivations: In order for the patient to want to change for his/her own benefit, the motivational interviewer must understand the patients motivations. The purpose of MI is that motivation must come from within the patient (Rollinick et al 2008). In other words as nurses we should not motivate our patients; we help them to seek their own unique motivation factor as the patient’s own reasons for change are most likely to trigger change (Miller and Rollinick, 2002). As nurses, we help the patient recognise where they are and where they want to be. It is important for the patient themselves to recognise the discrepancies that already exist and how their behaviour impacts their goal. Miller and Rollinick (2002) describe how a patient may very well want to stop something i. e. their level of alcohol consumption or the amount of cigarettes smoked per day, however they want to and they don’t want to. We can see an example of this in the recording the patient states â€Å"I want to give up but I don’t want to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this isn’t the right time†. This ambivalence is part of human nature. Patients are naturally ambivalent. It is seen as normal as it is a natural process of change (Tobutt 2011). Rollinick et al, 2008 states that â€Å"When a person seems unmotivated to change or take the sound advice of practitioners, it is often assumed that there is something the matter with the patient and that there is not much one can do about it. These assumptions are usually false. No person is completely unmotivated†. This is seen throughout the digital recording, you can see how ambivalent the patient is. She wants to cut down her smoking habit but it’s not the right time. The patient is seen to lack motivation. However I have used the skill of open questioning to get the patient to express the reason behind this. Through active listening I was able to identify a problem that may be an obstacle in the path to achieve the goal we wanted. At the end the patient identified her own goal, she found motivation from within. Listen with empathy: this principle contains two vital words associated with MI. Listen and empathy. According to Rosengren (2009), listening may be obvious however putting this into practice may prove otherwise. Throughout the digital recording I did look as if I was listening attentively, however I do remember how difficult the skill active listening was. I had to be aware of my body language at all times. Although I have my arms crossed throughout the recording, my body stance was not uninviting in my opinion. Eye contact was also important. I feel I achieved this during the recording without being too empowering. Patients come to us nurses for advice and for our expertise. An environment in which a patient feels comfortable exploring and expressing their feelings must be created. We can create this by being empathetic. In the digital recording it is obvious the patient wanted to talk to myself not some other professional. I did not recognise this at first as I keep saying â€Å"do you want to speak to someone (councillor) about this? † I should have realised this and appreciated the fact that I was the one she wanted to speak to. I repeated this statement too many times; I feel if this was a real life patient/nurse situation, the patient would not open up to me. In future I will be more acutely aware of these situations. To approach a situation with empathy provides an environment for the patient to be heard and understood. Miller and Rollinick (2002) described this type of approach as a â€Å"fundamental and defining characteristic†. Empathy involves seeing the world through the patient’s eyes. If the patient feels understood they open up more and let the nurse or listener in on their deeper thoughts and feelings (McCabe 2004). Rosengren (2009) believes clinicians express this vital principle by using the skill ‘reflective listening’. I feel as if I did not give enough empathy to the patient at the start I did not giving her enough time to speak as I often interrupted. However the patient did open up in the end expressing her deeper feelings to me so perhaps she did feel at ease telling me about her situation. In my opinion I relaxed more as the digital recording went on, this influenced the patient and the conversation flowed more as a result. Conclusion In conclusion this student has learned a lot about motivational interviewing and how important it is to put these principles into nursing practice. MI is imperative to nursing practice, as it involves patient desires, thoughts and feelings as a way to encourage the patients themselves to express their own barriers to change and to explore and resolve ambivalence to behavioural change. This student will take a lot of valuable lessons away with her after completing this assignment. In future this student feels she will have less frustration with those who aren’t planning to change and more patience with those who are contemplating change but are still full of ambivalence. This student has learned how important the skills are in relation to the principles. In order to follow the guiding principles, skills should be followed to achieve the best possible outcome in patient centred care.

Facts About Prostate Cancer †Research Paper Outline Rough Draft

Facts About Prostate Cancer – Research Paper Outline Rough Draft Free Online Research Papers Facts About Prostate Cancer Research Paper Outline Rough Draft Background Information Second most common type of cancer in American men(400 000 men will die this year) Most people not die from it but with it Prostate is gland the size of an egg sandwiched between the bladder and rectum, protected by capsule(thin covering) Produces sperm 96% of cases are of men who are over the age of 55 Cancer Information Cause unknown Survival rate has increased drastically in the last 20 years, from 67% to 92% Growth of cancer cells is stimulated by male hormones, especially testosterone Begins when one or more normal cells transform into cancer cells Tends to grow slowly Stage 1(a.k.a. Stage A or T1) Tumour in prostate only, can’t be felt by DRE Stage 2(a.k.a. Stage B or T2) Still in Prostate, can be felt by DRE Stage 3(a.k.a. Stage C or T3) Tumour spreads to immediate surrounding tissue Stage 4(a.k.a. Stage D2 or M1) Tumour spreads to other parts of the body Symptoms Early cancer usually has no symptoms Can resemble BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia), which can be confusing Non-cancerous enlargement is common in men over 40 Some symptoms include: Blood in urine/semen Frequent urination or inability to urinate Pain during urination/ejaculation Bone pain Diagnosis DRE (Digital Rectal Examination) Doctor inserts gloved and lubricated hand into rectum to feel shape and size of prostate Not entire prostate felt, but enough to determine tumours PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) PSA produced by both cancerous and normal cells, but only prostate cells produce them When cancer develops and grows, PSA level usually increases Biopsy Only way to actually diagnose cancer Small tissue of prostate obtained and examined Treatment Options/ Recent Findings Treatment usually depends on the stage of cancer and its growth speed Radiation Therapy High energy rays used to kill prostate cancer cells, shrink tumours Uses sophisticated computer programs and 3-D images to accurately target the tumour(s) Conformal Proton Beam Radiation Therapy ? Newer form of radiation therapy ? Uses protons instead of energy rays ? A number of side effects that usually disappear when therapy is over Hormone Therapy Try and decrease production of male hormones or block effect on cancer cells Cannot cure cancer, but used to slow growth and reduce size of tumours Options include surgical removal of testes, and antiandrogens – drugs that prevent production of male hormones Estrogen Therapy ? Administration of estrogen that lowers production of testosterone LH-RH Therapy ? Leutenizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone that lowers levels testosterone Radical Prostatectory Surgical removal of prostate New nerve-sparing techniques have reduced side effects ? Lymph nodes that are sometimes removed are left alone if possible, using new techniques Brachytherapy Form of radiation treatment where tiny pellets containing radioactive material are implanted into the prostate, where they kill cancer cells Exact ultrasound guidance helps the implant ProstRcision Excision of prostate by irradiation Similar to radical prostatectory in concept, but no cutting involved Part 1: seeds implanted into prostate that carry radioactive material to treat cells by radiation Part 2: conformal beam radiation irradiates around the prostate Cyrosurgery Treats localized cancer by freezing/destroying prostate New interest in this technique due to improvements in technology Freezing process may damage nerves, as temperatures can drop to -195? C Chemotherapy Use of strong drugs to destroy cancer cells Drugs destroy any cells that divide rapidly Can affect normal body cells Firefly glow Scientists succeeded in tracking spread of prostate cancer in mice by using firefly proteins to light up tumours Virus-vector developed to target cancer cells based on expression of PSA Contain firefly genes that produce glowing protein in presence of PSA In mice, cancer cells glowed Using this vector, toxic genes could be delivered to cancer cells, but problems still need to be solved for human testing New Genetic Marker New test for diagnosing cancer, as PSA testing is still largely unreliable Researchers identified 20 genes that are overexpressed in cancer cells Roughly 95% of more than 300 prostate tissue samples contained a specific protein ( a-methyl-CoA racemase : AMACR) AMACR may be a useful addition to current diagnosing tools Also found AMACR in breast, bladder and lung cancer, suggesting that AMACR could be used in diagnosing those types of cancer Research Papers on Facts About Prostate Cancer - Research Paper Outline Rough DraftGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One

Biology Stem Cell Research Paper Essays

Biology Stem Cell Research Paper Essays Biology Stem Cell Research Paper Essay Biology Stem Cell Research Paper Essay Ernie Reed BIO-013/ Stem Cell Research Sullivan 11. 10. 2010 STEM CELL RESEARCH What is a stem cell? One can define a stem cell as a cell type that is found in many tissues. This particular cell is unique in the fact that it can divide itself over and over virtually to an infinite number. This process of reproduction ensures that the cells can restore other cells that may have gotten damaged; this process may only occur if the person is still living. The same goes for animals. As the stem cell reproduces; the reproduced cell has the possibility to remain an identical cell or form into a more specific â€Å"specialized† stem cell that may be responsible for things such as brain cells, muscle cells, or even red blood cells. There are individual facts and spheres that promote â€Å"unspecialized† stem cells; these findings are a pertinent concernment to scientists. The reason being, is that the stem cell has a phenomenal capability of invigorating itself. Nonetheless there is an extreme amount of scientific research and lab testing that needs to be performed to truly appreciate the knowledge of how stem cells work; and how they can work for what is known as cell-based therapy. When scientists perform these lab studies on stem cells; they are attempting to facilitate the fundamental properties. Scientists are deciphering the difference between stem cells and the types of cells that may be of a specialized nature. This has allowed the scientists to veil new drugs, as well as the development of model classifications. Examples of this may include the inquiry of prevalent growth, and pinpoint the factors that cause some irregularities in common birth defects. The continuous inquisition of stem cells advances the doctrine of how organisms develop from only a single cellule, and how it promotes the reinstatement of mutilated cells in an adult morphon.

Non Profit Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Non Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example The friend should expect a great deal of difference as per her working domains. For starters, she must understand that this is a wholly differential undertaking and it would mean that she will have to undergo work which is haphazard and without any due incentives coming to her fore. She will have to comprehend how as being the Marketing Manager at Coca Cola will she replicate the same within her realms at the not for profit organization. There is evidence in the form of understanding that the not for profit organizations do not bring in that many incentives and bonuses which Coca Cola might promise at any given times. This is suggested by the company policies of the two institutions – the not for profit organization and Coca Cola. Since Coca Cola is a thriving business which is based upon the premise of raking in a profit on all counts, the not for profit organization does not exist as such1. There is reason enough to believe that the not for profit organization would bank sol ely on getting the job done and would not warrant any benefits for its employees in the long run. Therefore, one must understand that the giant corporate enterprise (Coca Cola) would be better placed to give her a better career opportunity than the one which has been promised by this not for profit organization.... This is not the case within her role at Coca Cola where she worked as the Marketing Manager. She should expect to see that people are more laidback in their nature whilst working for the not for profit organization as they do not receive any benefits as such. This would mean that there are anomalies of different kinds and shapes within the reins of the organization2. Also what is important here is an understanding that Coca Cola believes in catering to different audiences all over the world and its scope is more broad which is not the case with the not for profit organization where their limitations are many and their incentives are minimal to state the least. In essence, these are some of the most important issues that could be drawn up within the realms of the comparison that is done for this friend whilst choosing the not for profit organization over her present day Marketing Manager role at Coca Cola. 2. You are the Marketing Director of a non profit organization focused on promo ting healthy eating habits of young school aged children. How would you do this? As the Marketing Director of a non profit organization which basically believes in inculcating healthy habits within kids to eat good food, I would first and foremost ask the publics to engage with my organization in an able capacity. Since I am the one who would have to oversee the reins of the non profit organization, my role becomes magnanimous all this while. I would have to find ways and means through which my company can move forward with distinction and a sense of ease and empathy coming from the realms of the different players that are present within the non profit industry as well as the general public for whom my organization is in operation. Therefore, my role becomes

What is weird realism and how does the speaker apply this concept to Essay

What is weird realism and how does the speaker apply this concept to his music - Essay Example The illusion is another application of weird realism in this music as explained by the speaker in the seminar. Elements of illusion such as magic are horrific to the listeners and viewers. From the speech during the seminar, the sound of the music played in an alternate manner with the speech is terrifying. The impacts shock on the audience with a frowned facial appearance. The use of delusion is inexhaustible in this music. The music scary sound that continues from a low to a high pitch at once is of horrific scenes (Harman, 2015, p. 1). The tone used in the music is another application of weird realism. The ‘screeching’ sound in the music is prohibitive and may create tension in a person. The awkward gimmick sound produced during the speech when the speaker plays his music is terrifying. A person who listens to such sound may have a frowned face but the reality of frowning may come from sound disturbances. This shows that reality is weird because it is not commensurable with any attempt towards measuring it. This music uses implications to communicate horrific information. The mentioning of different geographical place and other names to imply another meaning is a technique in the song. The artist fails to represent the misery of occurrences propounded by horrific things. There is a failure of language to describe truly the meaning of misery things. For example, the speaker says the misery has an acute angle but it is behaving as an obtuse angle. This is an application of Lovecraft work and hence the use of weird realism.

Employee voice Essay Example for Free

Employee voice Essay ‘Employee voice’ suggested by Geoff Armstrong (cited in Armstrong,2001) in the recent issue of Industrial Participation Association (IPA) Bulletin, historically meant collective bargaining, and that this ‘chosen method of joint regulation became a straitjacket inhibiting the very things we needed to be doing to win and keep customers! ’ Win and keep the customers because feedbacks and suggestions came from the employee who deals with the customers every day of their work. Companies are able to get the facts from how the customer complaint about their product and to what satisfies them. The word ‘voice’ was popularized by Freeman and Medoff (cited in Freeman Medoff, 1984) who argued that it made good sense for both company and workforce to have a ‘voice’ mechanism. This had both a consensual and conflictual image; on the one hand, participation could lead to a beneficial impact on quality and productivity, whilst on the other it could detect problems which otherwise might ‘explode’. Dundon et al (cited in Dundon, 2004;MC Cabe Lewin, 1992; Wilkinson et al,2004). The four principal strands of the thought or forms of ‘voice’ that are available to employees are: an articulation of individual dissatisfaction; existence of a collective organization; a form of contribution to the management decision-making; and as a form of mutuality in the organization. In the articulation of individual dissatisfaction, the employee aims to address a specific problem or issue with the management that is usually presented in the form of grievance procedure or ‘speak up’ program. An opportunity for employee representatives – union or non-union – to communicate the views of the workforce to managers either through partnership or collective bargaining is the form of collective organization. As a form of contribution to the management decision-making its purpose is concerned with improvements in work organization and efficiency more generally, perhaps through quality circles or team working. It is achieve by a dialogue with employees providing ideas to improve the organizational performance. The last form is the mutuality in organization in delivering long term viability for the organization and its employees, often through joint consultation, collective bargaining and or partnership. In an article by Sharon Shinn (2004,p 18), The Maverick CEO, he asked Ricardo Semler that if business students were reading a case study of Semco what was the valuable lesson they would they take away and he answered that, â€Å"the main lesson is that freedom is a prime driver for performance. † Through my research I believe that all of the employees’ benefits from ‘employee voice’ just revolve around Semlers’ idea. When an employee has the freedom to express himself it empowers him to decide the courses of action that must be done to achieve a certain objective of the company according to his ideals in work and life in general. When one has the freedom to say what for him is wrong or right it gives him the dignity of not only a worker of the company but someone who can make a change and influence people on top for the better future of the company. A sample of the ideal is displayed in Semco where employees can vote to veto new products or new product ventures. At Semco, (cited in Samler, 2004) â€Å"workers approve their own bosses and people only attend meetings if they think the meetings are important. It works because of peoples’ self-interest. Nobody wants to stay in boring meetings or work for bosses they didn’t choose. † Furthermore, â€Å"of course, you can make people come to meetings and look alert, but it’s more difficult to get them to perform what was decided at the meeting. We want people to follow their instincts and to choose as bosses people they respect – even if they don’t like them. This often happens at Semco. † ‘Employee voice’ can be channeled between union and non-union voice. Comparison of benefits between union and non-union voice has been noted. (cited in Freeman and Medoff, 1984) argued that only union forms of voice would result in voice benefits for workers and management. The reasoning behind this argument is that without a union to ensure fair treatment and an equitable distribution of the fruits of success, individuals lack the incentive to pursue public goods. Union voice promotes ‘independence’ unlike direct voice mechanisms’ where its effectiveness is challenged in their capacity to transform the power relations in an organization due to lack of sanctions for non-compliance, collective power and access to independent sources of advice or assistance, non-union voice mechanisms are more susceptible to managerial influence and control (cited in Golan,2009; Terry,199; Wilkinson et al, 2004). On the contrary, non-union or direct voice has been also argued to be superior to union voice for 2 reasons: first, barriers between employers and employees can be disintegrated by dealing directly with employees rather than through an intermediary (cited in Bryson, 2004; Storey, 1992); and second, direct voice allows managers to better respond to the heterogeneous interests of workers (cited in Storey,1992). Another distinct benefit of ‘employee voice’ is evident in the ‘monopoly face’ of unionism, whereby unions seek to restrict the supply of labor to the irm in pursuit of higher wages and benefits. In a general point of view because of the ‘employee voice’ managers give more positive responses to employee needs, greater levels of control over the work process and increased influence over job rewards. In relation with the benefits that can be gained by employees’ through ‘employee voice’ the said firms that practices this kind of system have a lot to gain out of it. One important factor that affects the companies’ profitability is its labor cost. Voice is considered important, in their classic work on US trade Unionism, (cited in Freeman and Medoff, 1984) post it that it is theoretically possible for trade unions to enhance the productivity of firms because they provide voice to workers. They argue that union voice can be productivity-enhancing where voice costs are lower than the costs of dissatisfied workers quitting, and lower quit rates encourage firms to invest in human capital, resulting in a more skilled and productive workforce. In union voice it may also reduce the transaction costs that employees face, for example, by enforcing and monitoring contracts (cited in Booth, 1995; Kaufman, 2004; Kaufman and Levine, 2000). The company of Semco is a great example of this, (cited in Shinn, 2004) Semler and a radical management team completely upended traditional business theory at Semco, doing away with conventional organizational charts while allowing employees more and more freedom to choose what products they would work and how they would produce them. Many employees were eliminated by job reconstruction or left because they couldn’t handle the turmoil. But those who remained became passionate about Semco and their place within it. At Semco they also believe in continuous growth and development so (cited in Samler, 2004) â€Å"people at Semco, by setting their own timetables and workloads, are more apt to take time out for learning. † He said that there were also sabbaticals, and a system whereby people can diminish and increase their work weeks by arrangement with their teams. They also have Retire-a-little where people can take a day, or half-day, off every week, to do what they would when they retire. Because of such changes, (cited in Semler, 2004) noted that it have raised Semco’s revenue from a $35 million to $160 million in the last six years. In addition, (cited in Shinn, 2004) Semler is deeply involved in promoting a workplace where freedom and flexibility is celebrated that he established a school in Sao Paolo practicing his values. (cited in Samler ,2004) â€Å"the school is in place and has started enrolling two-to-ten year olds. We want to change things at the starting point. At this school, our kids determine the rules and makes decisions ever week at a school meeting. We don’t want to holler and point fingers at kids. They are perfectly able to settle disputes and regulations alone. We do sit in to facilitate, when they want. † Furthermore, â€Å"at the Lumlar Institute, which runs the school, we develop a mosaic technology to teach free children effectively, something that the educational world knows nothing about. Since our kids are obliged to be in school but not in class, it behooves us to interest them – and we do. Children are already staying 1. 84 times longer at our school, out of free will, than at other schools in the system. After defining that there were two system of ‘employee voice’ which are non-union (direct) and union, in addition reviewing the benefits of implementing ‘employee voice’ to both the employees and company, Australia seems to place more importance to non-union voice that than union voice. Result from the studies of researchers proves that, for example, AWIRS (the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey) shows that only 16% of work places were there employee representatives on boards in 1995. (cited in Morehead et al, 1997; 506-67). Moreover non-union of employee representation was not institutionalized as they are in EU (European Union). With the Decline of Union membership, with 22% of employees now being unionized (and only 17 percent in the private sector), there is a growing ‘representation on gap’ for employees’ with some academic experts arguing that works councils could fill that gap. (Knudsen Markey, 2002). However, there seems little political will to progress this issue at the moment, with major interest focused on the recent Work Choices Legislation, rather than a broader discussion of work place governance. Thus, it appears that for the most part, participation in Australia will remain a matter for the firm rather that a broader social issue and its extent will be largely governed by management strategy and enthusiasm for the various direct participative approaches. Pyman et al (2006) In practical sense, the effectiveness of employee voice in Australia workplaces is dependent on a plurality of arrangements, that is multiple, mutually reinforcing channels. While achieving this is likely to present challenge for employers, employees and unions, the findings to do highlight the significance of labor- management interaction and thus the value of a union-employer partnership approach predicated on mutual benefits. Such an approach is seriously threatened by the recent changes embodied in the Work Choices Act 2005. This legislation unequivocally privileges direct or non-union representative voice mechanisms, while undermining union voice and multi-channel voice arrangements.

British Imperial Regulations D :: essays research papers

British imperial regulations with the American colonies were closely tied in with the system of mercantilism. Mercantilism controls the relations between the leading power and the colonies under its empire. A nation would want to export more than it imports gaining more money to obtain economic stability. The colonies exist for the profit of the mother country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade was a vital part of the economy of both England and the British colonies. The colonies would provide a majority of raw materials that would be shipped to England where then they would process raw materials into goods and sell them at markets provided by the colonies. Within this system both England and the colonies depended on each other for commerce. To further enforce this system on their oversees empire England enacted the Navigation Laws. In 1650 the first of these laws was aimed at keeping trade between the colonies limited only to their mother country, England. The law restricted trade of such shippers as the Dutch, by stating all goods must be transported on English vessels to or from the colonies. This helped keep money within British control, but also increased both England’s and the colonies’ merchant marine. Further laws were passed, but none that imposed strict regulations on the colonies. In fact the colonies received advantages from the mercantile system of England. As colonies of England they had the rights of Englishmen. They also had some opportunities of self-government. As compared economically to the average Englishmen of the time, the average American colonist was more often better off. In some markets, such as tobacco, the colonies had great advantages. Although not allowed to trade tobacco with any other country; they were guaranteed a monopoly on the English market. One of the major advantages of British imperialism was the protection supplied by the British army. With the strong soldiers providing defense against natives and other inter colonial disputes and the mighty British navy protecting their commerce on the seas; the colonies benefited from great advantages provided by their oversees “rulers';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the colonists prospered from the British imperialism, they also however, dealt with many disadvantages from the British. In 1733 the British Parliament, feeling tension from the planters in the British West Indies, enacted the Molasses Act. The planters were competing against the French West Indies for trade with the North American colonies and considering the colonies were a part of the British empire, as were the British West Indies, the colonies trade was restricted from trading with the French West Indies.

Organizational Values Essay

The decision individual makes reflect their personal beliefs about what is important for them and the decision organization make reflect their personal belief about what they think is important. The personal and organizational value develops based on the decisions we make. Value alignment comes into place when the values of an individual are same as the values of their organization. If there is no alignment between the organization and employees, then the organization becomes in a more stressful condition. Companies who create a value alignment have very few problems. They know what their employees want and they know how to provide it. The value of the employees is important for successful for an organization. The values of an organization and the values of the nurse impact nurse engagement and patient outcomes. If the nurses have a happy environment in the hospital, it becomes a happy environment for the customers too. When nursing staff members feel empowered in the decision making process, they are energized to share their best talent, and skill. Nurses are the nucleus of the health care organization (â€Å"Nurses as implementers,† 2003). An alignment between hospital and nurses will increase nurses’ satisfaction as well as patient satisfaction. The importance of effective communication in nursing is important when it comes to interacting with patients, medical team members and doctors. Miscommunication causes misunderstandings, low performance, misdiagnosis and patient suffering. Therefore, nurses acquire effective communication skills in order to competently supervise. Communication in nursing practice serves a vital function in the building of helpful relationship patients, and coworkers. Taking time to listen to and understand patients experiences convey a message that patients feeling cared for and respected. Through communication a patient can be reassured and understand their sickness fully. Once, when I worked as a charge nurse, a patient wanted to inform me about something. She told me that her assigned nurse was not giving pain medication on correct time, and demanded for a different nurse. When I talked to the assigned nurse she told me that she gave all pain medication on time and that patient was ready to be discharged but the problem as that the patient didn’t want to leave. I checked the medication administration record and it indicated that the nurse gave all the medication on time. I didn’t change the assigned nurse instead I decided to take care of the patient. I talked with the patient asked her why she doesn’t want to go home. She replied saying that the pharmacy she gets her medication from is closed on Saturday and Sunday and she cannot get her discharge medication until Monday. She also complained about not having any ride back home after being discharged. I called the social worker and she arranged to get her medication for the patient from hospital’s charity for few days and also provided the patient with a cab voucher. I called the cab and discharged the patient home without any problem. The way I handled this situation was by communicating to the patient, and knowing her needs, and acting accordingly. By effectively communicating, problems can be solved easier without any further dissatisfaction from the patient. Nurses are able to prevent or manage conflicts by improving their communication skills. It is important for the nurse to try to understand the other party’s situation. Then the nurses can become focused about being understood. Typically during a conversation, an individual is already tries to think of a response to give to a person instead of just listening to what is being said (Marshall, 2006). Most importantly the nurse must have the patience to listen, and not interrupt while the other person is talking. A good communication skill allows the nurse to resolve his or her own conflicts or take appropriate actions for conflict resolution between other individuals. Communication is the key factor in response to any problems. Effective communication helps maintaining credibility by solving the problems that arrive. Effective communication techniques influence the values of other nurses and are effective in problem-solving processes in the organization and the profession. People use organization values to lead themselves throughout their lives. Organizational values and each employee’s personal values need to blend in as well as impact people’s behaviors and attitudes in the workplace. When employees fails to connections between taking responsibility for living their own lives and the accomplishment of organizational objectives, those organizations run the risk of falling short on promises made to customers, or worse, failing to meet ethical or legal standards.

“Fahrenheit 451” Study questions and answers Essay

Part 1: The Hearth and the Salamander 1. a) When does this story take place? The story takes place in the future, approximately 500 years from the time this book was written, so we estimate around the year 2450. The story is also set in the autumn. b) What clue does the author offer to support this theory on page 4? The author uses technology that doesn’t exist yet to support his theory. The example on page 4 would be:  « the silent air-propelled train slid soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a great puff of warm air onto the cream-tiled escalator rising to the suburb.  » On page 5 we know it is autumn when the author writes: â€Å" The autumn leaves blew over†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 2. a) What does Guy Montag do for a living? (p. 3-4) Guy Montag is a fireman. In this book, firemen start fires in houses to be able to burn the books inside of these. b) How does he feel about his job at the beginning of the novel? Find one sentence that supports your answer. (p. 3) The main character is very happy with his job in the beginning of the novel as we can see in the first two lines: â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed.† 3. a) Find a metaphor on page 3. The metaphor found on page 3 is: â€Å"†¦with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  b) Find a metaphor on page 5. The metaphor on page 5 is: â€Å"Her face was slender and milk-white, and in it was a kind of gentle hunger that touched over everything with tireless curiosity.† 4. a) Explain the symbolism of the girl’s â€Å"milk-white† face and white dress. (p. 5) The girl’s face and dress are milk-white and this  symbolises purity. She is only 17 years old and very pure. White also symbolises the girl’s frailty and femininity. It also serves as a contrast to the very dark nature of the novel. b) At what other point in the story does the author use this same technique? (p. 36-38) When the author is speaking of the book as an innocent thing: â€Å" A book lit, almost obediently, like a white pigeon, in his hands, wings fluttering. In the dim, wavering light, a page hung open and it was like a snowy feather, the words delicately painted thereon.† Once again, the author has used the whiteness to show the oppression in this world so sombre. 5. a) Why do they have 200 foot-long billboards on the side on the highway? (p.9) The author explains this well when Clarisse asks Montag: â€Å"Have you seen the two hundred-foot-long billboards in the country beyond town? Did you know that once billboards were only twenty feet long? But cars started rushing by so quickly they had to stretch the advertising out so it would last.† b) What is Clarisse referring to when she talks about green, pink, white, and brown blurs (p. 9) When Clarisse speaks of green blurs, she is referring to grass, pink blurs to rose gardens, white blurs to houses and brown blurs to cows. This is telling us that the drivers are driving very fast and therefore do not take the time to examine what’s around them. 6. What clue does the author give in order to describe human interaction in Guy’s world? (p. 10) The author describes human interaction in Guy’s world as very superficial when he describes his apparently casual meeting with Clarisse as unusual. We know this when the author writes: â€Å"What a strange meeting on a strange night. He remembered nothing like it save one afternoon a year ago when he had met an old man in the park and they had talked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  7. The author describes Montag’s bedroom as cold, dark, and quiet. Find two words that support this statement. (p. 11) The author describes his room as cold, dark, and quiet when he says words like: â€Å"mausoleum, tomb and darkness† The first two are resting places for the dead and the last one speaks for itself. 8. a) In your own words, summarize how Mildred was saved from certain death after overdosing on pills. (p. 14-15) Mildred was saved from certain death after overdosing on pills by a couple of machinists. The first machine pumps out the poison with a tube that went into her stomach. It had a camera at the end of it that the operator looked through. The other machine served as a blood transfusion mechanism. It replaced the contaminated blood with new one. b) What is significant about the manner in which the â€Å"Operators† saved Mildred’s life? (p. 14-15) The fact that it was a the operators saved Mildred in a very mechanical way, instead of doctors, shows us how evolved the technology has become. It is also significant in the sense that it is done in a casual manner and that it is very normal to do so in this world. c) Why do you think Mildred decided to take all of these pills? I think Mildred decided to take all of these pills because she was not satisfied with her life. She knew there was better ways to live and decided that she could never achieve this way of living because of her social status. We know there are a lot of these cases when the operator says: â€Å"We get these cases nine or ten a night. Got so many, starting a few years ago, we had the special machines built.† 9. What is the significance of Guy’s meeting with Clarisse? What effect does it have on him? Guy’s meeting with Clarisse is very significant because it opens him to the thought process. He never stopped to analyse anything before. He just did what he was supposed to do, like burn books. It has the effect that he is beginning to think things out. Example: â€Å"Of course I’m happy. What does she think? I’m not? he asked the quiet rooms.† (p. 10) and â€Å" There are too many of us, he thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 16). 10. On page 18, what clue does the author give to show that this story is taking place in the future? The author shows the us that this story is taking place in the future with the help of technology again when he says: â€Å"Toast popped out of the silver  toaster, was seized by a spidery metal hand that drenched it with melted butter.† and â€Å"She had both ears plugged with electronic bees†. 11. Find an antithesis on page 24. The antithesis found on page 24 are: â€Å"†¦a hotness and a coldness, a softness and a hardness, a trembling and a not trembling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"slept but did not sleep, lived but did not live†. 12. a) How does Captain Beatty describe the Mechanical Hound? Find on sentence that supports your answer. Captain Beatty describes the Mechanical Hound as emotionless and it acts upon our reactions / way of thinking, on page 26, when he says: â€Å"It doesn’t like or dislike. It just ‘functions.’ It’s like a lesson in ballistics. It has a trajectory we decide on for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts off. It’s only copper wire, storage batteries, and electricity.† b) What is symbolic about the Hound? The Hound is a symbol of cruelty and bitterness. We know this when Montag describes the programming as: â€Å"all we put into it is hunting and finding and killing. What a shame if that’s all it can ever know.† (p. 27) Beatty further proves the symbolism of the type of justice in this world when he replies to Montag by saying: â€Å"It’s a fine bit of craftsmanship, a good rifle that can fetch its own target and guarantees the bull’s-eye every time†. It is also symbolic of the society because it just does and doesn’t think before doing. 13. a) How does Clarisse describe the education system in her society? (p. 29) Clarisse describes the education system in her society as her society in general, that is that you are told what to think. She describes a typical day at school: â€Å"An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or painting pictures, and more sports, but do you know, we never ask questions, or at least most don’t; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film teacher.† b) Contrast Clarisse and the other Students her own age (p. 29-31). Clarisse  is considered antisocial and doesn’t mix with the others. While the others do as they are told, they are considered social. She gives this diverging opinion on socialism when she tells Montag: â€Å"Being with people is nice. But I don’t think it’s social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you?†. c) What is ironic about the other students’ perception of Clarisse? It is very ironic that other children don’t like Clarisse because she is afraid of them. I say this is ironic because it would be normal to be afraid of people who kill each other. â€Å"I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other†¦I’m afraid of them and they don’t like me because I’m afraid.† 14. a) How does the author exemplify society’s indifference or lack of caring and understanding on page 32? The author exemplifies society’s indifference when the firemen are playing cards nonchalantly while a war is going on outside. â€Å" November fourth†¦sighing on their cards†¦The voice clock mourned out the cold hour of a cold morning of a still colder year†¦war may be declared any hour†¦Ã¢â‚¬  b) Find another example of this on page 44. Another example of society’s lack of caring would be when the author writes: â€Å" And he remembered thinking then that if she died, he was certain he wouldn’t cry. For it would be the dying of an unknown, a street face , a newspaper image†¦Ã¢â‚¬  15. What do we learn about Guy and Mildred’s relationship on pages 43 and 44? We learn that the Montags don’t really know each other when they can’t remember when they met: â€Å"â€Å"Why it was at-† She stopped. â€Å"I don’t know,† she said. He was cold. â€Å"Can’t you remember?† â€Å"It’s been so long.† â€Å"Only ten years, that’s all, only ten!† The author also mentions the wall between the two: â€Å"†¦wasn’t there a wall between him and Mildred†¦Ã¢â‚¬  16. a) What do we learn about Clarisse on page 47 We learn that Clarisse is dead on page 47 when Mildred tells Montag: â€Å"I think she’s gone†¦I think she’s dead†¦no the same girl. McClellan.† b) Analyze Mildred’s speech. How does the way she talks reflect her personality?  Mildred’s speech shows us that she is impersonal when she forgets about the neighbour being killed by a car four days ago. She also isn’t sure of the situation and doesn’t seem to care to much when she says: â€Å"No, not sure. Pretty sure†¦Forgot†¦I forgot all about it†. 17. a) What is the cause of Montag’s â€Å"illness†? Montag’s illness is caused by the fact that a woman has died in a fire that they caused the night before. â€Å"We burnt a thousand books. We burnt a woman†¦.she was rational as you and I, more so perhaps, and we burnt her.† (p. 50-51). b) Do you believe he is actually sick? Explain. I don’t believe he is actually sick because he is questioning his career and has a book he wants to read. â€Å"Montag fell back in bed. He reached under his pillow. The hidden book was still there. Mildred, how would it be if, well, maybe, I quit my job awhile?† (p. 50-51). 18. On page 51, what reason does Montag give for becoming a fireman? Montag tells us that he didn’t have a choice of career. He had to follow his family line of work when he says: â€Å"â€Å"Thought!† he said. â€Å"Was I given a choice? My grandfather and father were firemen. In my sleep, I ran after them.† on page 51. 19. How does captain Beatty justify the burning of books? What reasons does he give to support his theory? (p. 58-63) Captain Beatty justifies the burning of books as a means to eliminate prejudice against intellectualism and thus improve happiness. We see this when he says: â€Å"the word ‘intellectual’, of course, became the swear word it deserved to be.† (p. 58) and â€Å"You must understand that our civilization is so vast that we can’t have our minorities upset and stirred†¦People want to be happy, isn’t that right?† (p. 59). He also says that this happiness is the backbone to his theory when he speaks of death on page 60: â€Å"Five minutes after a person is dead he’s on his way to the Big Flue, the Incinerators serviced by helicopters all over the country. Ten minutes after death a man’s a speck of black dust. Let’s not quibble over individuals with  memoriums. Forget them. Burn all, burn everything. Fire is bright and fire is clean.† 20. As Montag looked through a window, he remembered that Clarisse had once mentioned that most houses had no front porches, no gardens, and no rocking chairs. Why do you think this is so? Most houses don’t have any front porches, gardens or rocking chairs because this led to discussion and analyzation of the day passing by. It is considered as dead time, time to think. â€Å"†¦the real reason, hidden underneath, might be they didn’t want people sitting like that, doing nothing, rocking, talking; that was the wrong kind of social life. People talked too much. And they had time to think. So they ran off with the porches. And the gardens, too.† (p. 63).

Free Essays on Shakespeare Sonnet 126

are mirrored over it (â€Å"Is†, â€Å"Is†, â€Å"lust†, â€Å"lust†, â€Å"action†, â€Å"action†, â€Å"and†). As a result, when this line is read, it creates an emotional whirlpool effect in the mind of the reader, perhaps helping him/her understand the way Shakespeare is feeling at that particular point. Lines number three and four, â€Å"perjur’d, murd’rous, bloody, full of... Free Essays on Shakespeare Sonnet 126 Free Essays on Shakespeare Sonnet 126 Shakespeare’s Sonnet 126 in one that consists of many different patterns that promotes many different emotional feelings. The Sonnet follows a consistent theme about lust while holding to a solid structure; the A-B-A-B scheme. This scheme set up is very evident within the first four lines and is continually consistent within every set of four lines thereafter with the exception of the last two lines in the sonnet. In the first set of four lines in the sonnet, the last word in the first and the third line rhyme just as the last word in the second line rhymes with the one in the fourth line. This scheme is uniform throughout the sonnet but it ends with the last two words of the last two lines that end up rhyming in an A-A sequence. The flow of the sonnet is smooth in some points and rough in others, just as it is rapid in some points and calmer in others. The sonnet also contains lines in which it seems to mirror itself and other lines where the words within it rhyme with each o ther. In a much grander scope, the sonnet resembles a mountain; it seems to have a peak precisely in the center, with the exception of the indented last two lines of the sonnet. All of these uniquely structured lines maintain three main emotional feelings to the sonnet, which happen to be confusion, frustration, and disgust. The second line, though, proves to be a very interesting point to investigate. It is an example of a line that mirrors itself. For example, in â€Å"Is lust in action; and till action lust Is,† the word â€Å"and† appears to be the center of the line and all the other words are mirrored over it (â€Å"Is†, â€Å"Is†, â€Å"lust†, â€Å"lust†, â€Å"action†, â€Å"action†, â€Å"and†). As a result, when this line is read, it creates an emotional whirlpool effect in the mind of the reader, perhaps helping him/her understand the way Shakespeare is feeling at that particular point. Lines number three and four, â€Å"perjur’d, murd’rous, bloody, full of...

Balanced Equation Definition and Examples

Balanced Equation Definition and Examples A balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge are the same for both the reactants and the products. In other words, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.Also Known As: Balancing the equation, balancing the reaction, conservation of charge and mass. Examples of Unbalanced and Balanced Equations An unbalanced chemical equation lists the reactants and products in a chemical reaction but doesnt state the amounts required to satisfy conservation of mass. For example, this equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon to form iron and carbon dioxide is unbalanced with respect to mass: Fe2O3 C → Fe CO2 The equation is balanced for charge  because both sides of the equation have no ions (net neutral charge). The equation has 2 iron atoms on the reactants side of the equation (left of the arrow), but 1 iron atom on the products side (right of the arrow). Even without counting up the quantities of other atoms, you can tell the equation is not balanced. The goal of balancing the equation is to have the same number of each type of atom on both the left and right sides of the arrow. This is achieved by changing the coefficients of the compounds (numbers placed in front of compound formulas). The subscripts are never changed (small numbers to the right of some atoms, as for iron and oxygen in this example). Changing the subscripts would alter the chemical identity of the compound! The balanced equation is: 2 Fe2O3 3 C → 4 Fe 3 CO2 Both the left and right sides of the equation have 4 Fe, 6 O, and 3 C atoms. When you balance equations, its a good idea to check your work by multiplying the subscript of each atom by the coefficient. When no subscript is cited, consider it to be 1. Its also good practice to cite the state of matter of each reactant. This is listed in parentheses immediately following the compound. For example, the earlier reaction could be written: 2 Fe2O3(s) 3 C(s) → 4 Fe(s) 3 CO2(g) where s indicates a solid and g is a gas Balanced Ionic Equation Example In aqueous solutions, its common to balance chemical equations for both mass and charge. Balancing for mass produces the same numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation. Balancing for charge means the net charge is zero on both sides of the equation. The state of matter (aq) stands for aqueous, meaning only the ions are shown in the equation and that they are in water. For example: Ag(aq) NO3-(aq) Na(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Na(aq) NO3-(aq) Check that an ionic equation is balanced for charge by seeing if all of the positive and negative charges cancel each other out on each side of the equation. For example, on the left side of the equation, there are 2 positive charges and 2 negative charges, which means the net charge on the left side is neutral. On the right side, there is a neutral compound, one positive, and one negative charge, again yielding a net charge of 0.