Leo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,

Leo Haines Professor Capozzi Research Paper April 29, 2017 Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was a famous author of short stories and articles. Kate was born on February 8, 1850, in St. Louis Missouri, and she grew up speaking English and French. After her husband has passed in 1882, and that is when her writing career launched. In most of her novels and stories her characters are bilingual, also known as fluent in two languages. Kate Chopin using the theme of feminism in her stories, â€Å"The Awakening†, â€Å"The Storm†, and â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† where she illustrates the use of the feminist movement and where she describes women’s sexualaity in her writings. During Kate Chopin’s time, feminism was not much different than it is today. Most feminists†¦show more content†¦The quote demonstrates the feminist theory and that is was thought that all women were oppressed. In this story, marriage seems to be displayed as the male having control of the women. Also, the story gives us the intention that Mrs. Mallard t hought she was not allowed to express her own thoughts, which was probably true. After her husband passes away, she realizes how free she is and transforms into her own individual person. Right after Mrs. Mallard has these deep thoughts, we begin to hear her sister calling her Louise. With her being called by her original name, we can identify that she is now equal to men, and she is her own person instead of being held back as a wife. A second story that portrays the idea of feminism is â€Å"The Awakening†, also by Kate Chopin. Edna, who happens to be the protagonist in the story who is an honorable woman who recognizes not only her desires but as well as her courage. Women who were of the Victorian decent, were believed to act in a certain manner, which is taking care of everyone in the household. Edna desired freedom, and was lived by her close friend who goes by the name of Mademoiselle. During the 19th century, the normal life of a woman consisted of being married, mai ntaining domestic relationships, and carrying a child. The book states that Mr.

Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 932 Words

Alexis Binch Ms. Stevens English 9 Honors 6th May 2016 Capital Punishment Tom Robinson is a Black, unfairly tried, innocent character being tried for Capital Punishment for falsely accused of raping a white girl in the book â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† (Lee, Harper.). This is clearly wrong. Governments should not concern itself with taking people s lives. Capital punishment is a legally authorised killing for a crime. In the modern United States capital punishment is only used for punishing murder. The 1930’s was the decade in which had the highest rate of capital punishment in American history. In that decade only two states made capital punishment illegal. Capital punishment is unjust because of the eighth amendment which wherein is†¦show more content†¦Putting a person into excruciating pain purposely would seem unusual and cruel. No matter what a person has done they should not be punished to such extent. The purpose of punishment is to show an example to prevent an action from happening. If the government itself is to inflict just as the person who is being punished inflicts then the government is at the same level or lower as the person being punished. This only creates an example of murder or destruction. On April 22nd, 1983 John Evans was executed and â€Å"After the first jolt of electricity, sparks and flames erupted†¦ to Evans s leg. The electrode burst from the strap holding it in place and caught on fire†¦ Two physicians entered the chamber and found a heartbeat†¦ and another jolt of electricity was applied. This resulted in more smoke and burning flesh. Again the doctors found a heartbeat†¦ a third jolt of electricity was applied. The execution took 14 minutes and left Evans s body charred and smoldering.† (Radelet, Michael L.) Often the health factors of the victim can add to the suffering. Electrocution can lead to singeing of hair or skin, which one could argue, is cruel and unusual. Capital Punishment should not be used because not everyone sentenced to it is guaranteed to be guilty and the finality of the punishment. Killing someone can not be reversed. One can’t reimburse someone for taking their life. If a person was proven

Titians Altarpieces Essay Example For Students

Titians Altarpieces Essay What was the importance of these two altarpieces for the development of paintingin Venice, both from a stylistic and iconographic point of view? It has beensaid that Titians Assunta, which adorns the high altar, and Pesaro (on theleft aisle of the chapel of the Immaculate Conception) stand mid-way between thepast and the future of Venetian painting. This infers that Titian drew onestablished traditions learnt from his masters Bellini and Giorgione, and imbuedhis works with a freshness and inspiration not seen before. Furthermore, itbecomes apparent that his sensitive construction of the works consideringthe authority of his patrons facilitate a depth of interpretation whichhighlight both the sacred and civic concerns of the time. To illustrateTitians progressive role in Venetian art history, I will draw on Renaissancedocumentation, and contemporary research that notes the stylistic andiconographic elements of these altarpieces. In 1568 the Florentine chroniclerVasari wrote of Titian, Titianwho has adorned with great pictures the Cityof Venicedeserves the love and respect of all craftsmen, who ought to admireand imitate him in many things. For he is a painter who has producedworkwhichwill live as long as the memory of illustrious men endures . This isa useful starting point for such an investigation: this representation is valid,since Vasari had met and spoken to him while writing the book, and being aFlorentine he wasnt so susceptible to employing the Venetian rhetoric whichcould tend to be biased The contemporary chronicler Ludovico Dolce recorded theshock and criticism the Assunta attracted when it was first unveiled. Suchcontroversy points to its radicalism and supports assertions that it wasinfluential for developing artists: For all the panels grandeur andawesomeness, the oafish painters and the foolish masses, who until then hadseen nothing but the dead and cold works of Giovanni Bellini, of Gentile, and ofVivarino, which were without movement and modelli ng, grossly defamed thepicture. Then, as envy cooled and the truth slowly dawned on them, people beganto marvel at the new style established in Venice by Titian There is goodreason to conclude that the Assunta and Pesaro altarpieces rank amongst thefinest and most notary of Titians works. In his book, The Altarpiece inRenaissance Venice, Peter Humfrey claims that the exceptionally large number ofchurches in Venice elevated the prevalence of this style, as they all needed tobe decorated. The lack of fresco painting (due to the humid climate) meant morepanel paintings were constructed, and so Venetian painters tended toconcentrate their most ambitious effortson altar painting Limitations ofthe investigation The lack of primary documentation from this era hinders ourability to place the artwork in its socio-cultural context. When relying on therhetoric of the State-appointed historians, we must consider the bias thatresults from their upholding of the Myth of Venice. Obviously, the val ueof these to the research question is limited; being contemporary, they areunable to describe Titians long-term influence on Venetian painting. Definition of key terms When analysing artwork from a stylistic point of view,all visual (not metaphorical) factors are taken into account. Issues ofcomposition, symmetry and asymmetry, colour palette, application of paint, andrendering of forms are all relevant. Iconography refers to any elements of thepainting that can be left open for a religious or sacred interpretation. Thesetwo points of view are inextricably linked: for example, the placement (re:composition, thus stylistic element) of the Madonna and Child, elevated in thecentre of a devotional painting also has iconographic references: this was theirtraditional position, and portrayed their roles as intercessors between thefigures below, and God in Heaven above. In this context, the altarpiece refersto a painting set behind an above the altar in a Christian church. Paintedaltarpieces might be accompanied by sculpture, as in the case of TitiansAssunta, which features three free-standing marble figures on the frame. Theterm sa cra conversazione refers to the type of composition made popular byBellini, where a group of saints are gathered in a unified space. Anyconversation between saints is solely spiritual and internal;paradoxically, as soon as obvious communication takes place (in the case ofTitians Pesaro), the composition no longer conforms to what constitutes asacra conversazione . Established traditions in altarpiece design Titian waspainting amongst the turbulent climate of the age of Reformation and theCounter-Reformation: this may have influenced his work, endowing it with agreater sense of drama and more overt display of emotion which is evidentespecially in Assunta. This was a significant development from the entrenchedVenetian style established by Bellini: his altarpieces were characteristicallytranquil and meditive (Humfrey refers to Bellinis Diletti, S. Giobbe and StCatherine of Sienna altarpieces in defining the sacra conversazione). His styleembodies the Venetian ethos of La Serenissima. S tylistic developments inAssunta and Pesaro altarpieces While depictions of the Assumption scene had beenpainted by such names as Vivarini and Palma Vecchio, Titians subjects aremuch more powerfully built and more dynamic in their gestures than therelatively angular and timid figures in the earlier altarpieces. There is a moodof vivacity and upward movement, driven by the shifts in dark and light throughthe three zones (disciples, Madonna, God and angels). The viewers eye isarrested by the raised arms of the disciples, the foreshortening of thevirgins body refuses to let the eye rest, until it reaches the sweeping groupof angels. Rosand affirms the stylistic importance of this work, in suggestingthat its unveiling heralded the arrival of the classical High Renaissance inVenice. Titians dramatic gestures and breadth of form draws comparisons tothe art of Raphael, and in particular, his Assumption. Some scholars suggestTitian may have seen preparatory sketches for this work around the time hereceived the commission for Assunta , in which case the originality of his workis dubious. However, the fact that he hadnt yet undertaken the artistspilgrimage to Rome and viewed the works of Raphael and his contemporaries,offers credibility in terms of his artistic innovation. A justification of whyAssunta was not accepted by the patron, Guardian of the Fransiscan order, FraGermano, was because the human forms are too sensual. A highly rhetoricalpassage from a 1910 book by Charles Ricketts, asserts that the face of Marysatisfies us as expressing ecstasy in a human type . While being ultimatelysubjective, it sheds light on how people would personally react to it. Theexuberant vitality would have been frightening and even offensive, togenerations used to Bellinis style. The Assunta is notable in combining twosignificant biblical events: the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, and theCoronation. The Coronation was a theme most usually represented in a horizontalformat, yet perhaps t his extensive thematic content would have offered morescope for drama and innovation when it was to be set in a tall, arched format. Reflections of a Culture Past EssayFrancis position makes him intercessor between the Pesaro family and Christ. These allusions to the Passion become explicit in the depiction of the two puttiin the clouds, who support a large wooden cross. The extent of the Pesarosiconographic significance can be challenged with the knowledge of the particulartroubles Titian had to overcome regarding the placement of the work. The viewerfirst encounters the altarpiece from an angle, approaching the high altar. Hence, the composition must accommodate not only this view, but a full-frontalperspective. It seems that these conditions would have challenged Titianscreativity, and the question of what stands due to necessity and what stands asiconography in this work makes analysis a complicated issue. With the Assunta,Goffen suggests that the stylistic feature of circular forms carriesiconographic relevance. While they unify the composition within the painting,the curved architecture of the choir screen and the apse, they refermetaphorically to God, circles being His geometric equivalent . The goldtones prevalent in the work allow for a similar reading, that golden lightrepresents His divine illumination. The light becomes more intense and golden aswe cross the boundary between the mundane and the sacred realms, reaching itsfull density when it reaches God. This golden light and illumination embodiesMarys triumph over sin and death. The extent to which the role of patronageinhibited artistic inn ovation We have an inhibited ability to interpret works asreflections of the artists innovation and artistic development since theywere largely contrived according to the demands of the patrons. In TitiansPesaro, Jacopo Pesaros demands were well documented. The terms of Titianscommission stipulated that he include full-length kneeling portraits of Jacopo,his brothers and nephew . In meeting these requirements, this could perhapsaccount for Titians unusual composition, and if true, it negates theinterpretation of significant stylistic innovation. It appears Pesaro wantednumerous images represented in his altarpiece, supported by Ettlinger whostudied the iconography of the columns: Pesarobelieved that a successfulintegration of all elements could be achieved . Alongside the depiction ofthe Immaculate Conception (and his veneration of it), the inclusion of hisfamily, and emblems which celebrated his illustrious military career wereinvolved. The presence of so much diverse symbolism com plicates aninterpretation of the artworks iconography, which has been demonstrated inthe plethora of scholars explanations in regard to the columns in thebackground of the Pesaro altarpiece. As a Mendicant friar, Fra Germano Casalecould not own property, although he is commerated as the patron of theAssunta . The date of unveiling and his name is inscribed on the frame, whichsufficiently serves as documentation of the patronage and commission. Even ifGermano relied on bequests to the Frari to fund the work, his vested interestsare apparent when we read of his constant harassing of Titian while it was beingpainted. It reinforces the notion raised with the Pesaro, that the presence ofthe patrons places an influence on the outcome of the painting, so much so thatit enables interpretations based on the political and social interests of thepatrons. It is the many possible readings of these works, not only from astylistic and iconographic point of view, that make the Assunta and Pesaro su chenigmatic and monumental works. In capturing the ideals and beliefs from theirtime while exhibiting such progressive artistic features, they hold greatimportance for the development of painting in Venice. Bibliography1. Anderson, J. The Genius of Venice 1500-1600, in Art International,vol.27 April/June 1984 p.15-22 2. Ettlinger, H. The Iconography of theColumns in Titians Pesaro Altarpiece, in Art Bulletin vol.61, 1979 p.59-673. Goffen, R. Piety and Patronage in Renaissance Venice: Bellini, Titian and theFransiscans, New Haven, Yale (1996) 4. Humfrey, P. The Altarpiece in RenaissanceVenice, New Haven and London (1993) 5. Licht, F. Titian: The Majestic Voiceof All Venice, in Art International no.11 Summer 1990 p.90-93 6. Ricketts, C. Titian Methuen ; Co.Ltd, London, 1910 7. Rosand, D. Painting in CinquecentoVenice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, New Haven and London (1982) 8. Rosenthal,M. In my view Titians reputation: the limitations of history, inApollo, Dec. 93 p.395-8 9. Tietze, H. Titian: The Paintings and Drawings ThePhaidon Press Ltd, London 1950

Motivational Interviewing free essay sample

Reprinted with permission from Health Communications, publisher of Counselor (formerly Professional Counselor), www. counselormagazine. com. All rights reserved. Removing Barriers: Dual Diagnosis Treatment and Motivational Interviewing In the past, traditional treatment methods for drug addiction and alcoholism have been characteristically intense and confrontational. They are designed to break down a client’s denial, defenses, and/or resistance to his or her addictive disorders, as they are perceived by the provider. Admissions criteria to substance abuse treatment programs usually require abstinence from all illicit substances. Potential clients are expected to have some awareness of the problems caused by substance abuse and be motivated to receive treatment. In contrast, traditional treatment methods for mental illness have been supportive, benign and non-threatening. They are designed to maintain the clients already-fragile defenses. Clients entering the mental health system are generally not seeking treatment for their substance abuse problems. Frequently clients within the mental health system who actively abuse drugs and alcohol are not formally identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they are, they do not admit to such substance use. As some attention began to focus on clients with both substance abuse problems and mental illnesses, it quickly became apparent that new methods and interventions were necessary. Working with dual disorder clients who deny substance abuse, who are unmotivated for substance abuse treatment, and who are unable to tolerate intense confrontation, required a new model, a non-confrontational approach to the engagement and treatment of this special population. I first developed such a treatment model in 1984, with the goal of providing nonjudgmental acceptance of all symptoms and experiences related to both mental illness and substance disorders. A brief history Such treatment interventions and integrated programs which truly adapted to the needs of severely mentally ill chemical abusers had their genesis in 1984 at a New York state outpatient psychiatric facility. In 1985, these integrated treatment programs were implemented across multiple program sites. Concurrently, treatment and program elements were taught through training seminars in New York as well as nationally. In September 1986, the New York State Commission on Quality of Care (CQC) released the findings of 18 months of research. In their report, they described the detachment and downward spiral of dually diagnosed consumers, who were bounced among different systems with no definitive locus of responsibility. As a result, New York’s governor designated the state Office of Mental Health as the lead agency responsible for coordinating collective efforts for this population. The commission visited the dual diagnosis programs developed in 1984, and declared the treatment interventions, the training, and integrated programs to be positive solutions to the dilemma. When a 1987 Time magazine investigation of these programs revealed that at least 50 percent of the 1. 5 million to 2 million Americans with severe mental illness abuse illicit drugs or alcohol as compared to 15 percent of the general population the doubly troubled were brought to the attention of the general public. A gubernatorial task force declared its vision for statewide program development and a training site for program and staff development in the treatment of mentally ill chemical abusers was created to attain that vision. Short-term and on-going training and program development was provided to hundreds of New York’s treatment providers at both state and local mental health and substance abuse agencies. Consumer-led and family-support programs were also developed. The state produced a training video that demonstrated the integrated treatment model, however, the training site closed in 1990 due to budgetary considerations. Programs and groups that grew out of this model continue to be an important nucleus of current services in New York and nationally. These treatment interventions evolved in adaptation to the needs of the dual diagnosis clients. Methods and philosophies clearly differed from traditional substance abuse treatment. Consumers who were actively abusing substances, physically addicted, unstable, and unmotivated, were engaged through a non-confrontational approach to denial and resistance, and acceptance of all symptoms. Consumers participated in treatment groups without pressure to self-disclose, and explored topics from their own erspectives. Subsequent providers either learned from this model, or came upon similar processes through their own experimentation. How it works The phase-by-phase interventions from denial to abstinence begin by assessing the clients readiness to engage in treatment. Readiness levels are accepted as starting points for treatment, rather than points of confrontat ion or criteria for elimination. Mental health and substance abuse programs who integrate these programs, implement screening forms to identify clients who have dual disorders. Identified clients are followed up for engagement and assessment of readiness. Clients are encouraged to participate in dual diagnosis treatment even if they do not accept or agree to the presence of a substance disorder. Clients may participate on the basis of their interest in learning more about mental health and substance disorders, or with the belief that they may be able to lend support to others who are seeking help, among other reasons. The process then proceeds from identification to the engagement phase. The objective in the engagement phase is to develop comfortable and trusting relationships and, if possible, to expose the client to information about the etiology and processes of these illnesses in an empathic and educational manner. The client is given the opportunity to critique the information presented, rather than being told about any particular fact. Interaction effects between symptoms of mental illness and substance disorders are also included in this exploration. Clients at this phase are not required to disclose personal experiences or to admit they use or abuse substances until they are comfortable doing so. The inclusion of educational materials and discussion topics allows for discussion of the issues and impersonal participation. Clients are encouraged to move along a continuum from â€Å"exploration† to â€Å"acknowledgment† of their symptoms. This includes: * attaining a level of trust necessary to discuss their own use of substances and/or symptoms of mental illness; * the exploration and subsequent discovery of any problems or interaction affects that result from substance use and mental health symptoms; * considerations and motivation for addressing these problems; * active engagement in a process f treatment that seeks to eliminate symptoms; * attainment of partial or full remission; * and participation in an individualized maintenance regime for relapse prevention. These programs are implemented as components of existing mental health, and substance abuse programs, and thereby provide integrated treatment. Materials developed for the implementation of this treatme nt process include screening instruments, with separate instruments used for detecting substance abuse among persons who are known to have a mental illness, and detecting mental illness among those persons who are known to have substance abuse/dependence. The pre-group interview provides engagement strategies and a scale to indicate the clients level of readiness or motivation to participate in treatment. The comprehensive assessment reviews past and present mental illness, substance abuse, and interaction effects. Forms for progress reviews and updates include criteria necessary to measure change throughout the phases of movement toward readiness for treatment, active treatment, and relapse prevention. Forms for data collection include programmatic information regarding statistics, client participation, and outcome. See Figure one. Figure 1: Sciacca Treatment Model for Dual Diagnosis* Program Form/Intervention 1. Screening: Mental health, dual disorders, DD CAGE, substance abuse, MISF. 2. Pre-group interview and readiness scale. Engagement. Process and Outcome Identification of potential dual diagnosis clients. a. Engagement into group treatment; b. Assessment of readiness level (1-5). Client requires engagement beyond pre-group interview. Phase 1: Client does not disclose personal situation, participates in discussions or educational materials/topics, develops trust. 3. Continuation of engagement (when applicable). 4. Provide group treatment. 5. Complete monthly data form for each group. . Administer comprehensive assessment (phase two): Phase 2: a. Client discusses own a. Integrate information into treatment plan; b. Make diagnosis. 7. Client progress review updated periodically, includes readiness scale. substance abuse/mental health. Continuation of Phase 2: b. Client identifies adverse effects, and/or interaction between dual disorders Continuation of Phase 2 : c. Client recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase 3: a. Client becomes motivated for treatment. b. Client actively engages in treatment and symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. . Client participates in relapse prevention. 8. Client continues in treatment and/or relapse prevention. *from Journal of Mental Health Administration, Vol. 23,No. 3 Summer 1996, SAGE Publications Program Developmnet Across Systems for Dual Diagnosis: Mental Illness Drug Addiction and Alcoholism, MIDAA by: Sciacca, K. Thompson, C.. pp. 288-297. Motivational interviewing As the dual diagnosis treatment model for substance abuse treatment evolved within the mental health system, motivational interviewing evolved within the field of alcoholism treatment. Some striking similarities can be found in both philosophy and methodology in comparison to dual diagnosis treatment, including the points of departure from traditional substance abuse treatment: Dual disorder treatment and motivational interviewing: * forego traditional treatment-readiness criteria and begin at the clients stage of readiness/motivation and degree of symptomatology. * do not utilize intense, confrontational interventions in response to denial or resistance. * advocate the need for the development of trust as essential to the treatment process. advocate acceptance, empathy and respect for the clients perceptions, beliefs and opinions. They tolerate disagreement and dispel moral and judgmental beliefs. * do not interpret relapse as treatment failure, or employ punitive consequences. * convey and/or provide a hopeful vision, a belief in the possibility of change, and support self-efficacy. The authors of motivational interviewing (Miller and Rollnick, 1991) detailed t he underlying beliefs that form the foundation for intense confrontational traditional substance abuse treatment. They have conducted literature searches and research around the principles of this foundation and have found no supporting evidence for these widely held beliefs. One main example is the belief that motivation is a personality problem. This assumption is that alcoholics, addicts, offenders, etc. , possess extremely potent defense mechanisms that are deeply ingrained in their personality and character. These defenses are considered to be nonresponsive to ordinary means of therapy and thereby justify aggressive confrontational interventions. In view of their findings Miller and Rollnick assert that here is not, and never has been, a scientific basis for the assertion that alcoholics (let alone people suffering from all addictive behaviors) manifest a common consistent personality pattern characterized by excessive ego-defense mechanisms. Within motivational interviewing, confrontation is recognized as a treatment goal not a style. It is part of the change process that includes awaren ess raising. It is likened to Carl Rogers’ client-centered philosophy, which sought to provide a safe atmosphere for the examination of self and change. Like dual diagnosis treatment, confrontation is not used in response to clients denial or resistance. A state of readiness Motivational interviewing strategies correlate to client readiness based upon the stages of change theory (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1984). Stages of change are represented in the form of the wheel of change, which indicates that one can go around the wheel several times. (See Figure 2 for stages, motivational interviewing and dual diagnosis correlates. ) The five principles of motivational interviewing that entail a therapists style as well as strategy also correlate to dual diagnosis treatment interventions. See Figure 3 below. ) Figure 2: Stages of Change and Accompanying Tasks Stages of Change Prochaska and DiClemente Motivation al Interviewi ng Task Miller and Rollnick Dual Diagnois Phase Sciacca Dual Diagnosis Intervention Task Sciacca 1. Precontemplation stage: Person does not consider the possibility for change. Raise doubt; increase clients perception of risks and problems with current behavior. Identification and Engagement: Client identification; engagement process; assessment of readiness level. Phase One: Client is not required to disclose personal situation; participates in discussions of educational topics and materials; develops Engage client to participate in a treatment process that includes exposure and discussion of numerous elements of addictive disorders, recovery, mental illness and interactions effects. Client participation does not require acknowledgment of substance abuse problem. 2. Contemplation stage: Marked by ambivalence; person both considers change and rejects it. Tip the balance, evoke reasons to change, risks of not changing, strengthen selfefficacy. Provide information about discrete disorders and dual disorders; express empathy regarding the real properties of these disorders, including physiology and the process of recovery; dispel moral beliefs and judgements; allow client to participate as critic of information; respect clients knowledge and opinions. trust. 3. Preparation -Determination stage: Person considers various strategies for change. Help client determine best course of action. Phase Two: Client discusses own substance use and mental health; identifies adverse effects and/or interactions between dual disorders; recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase Three: Client becomes motivated for treatment; actively engages in treatment or symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. Phase Three: Client participates in relapse prevention. Assist client to identify and understand adverse effects of symptoms and behavior; provide information and discussion of strategies and treatment approaches that have potential to bring symptoms into remission; administer comprehensive assessment and convey findings to client. 4. Action stage: Person engages in particular actions designed to bring about change. Help client to take steps toward change. Support client’s efforts toward change, including selfefficacy; assist client to make necessary adjustments to utilization of strategies and/or adjunct services or interventions; assist client to recognize or acknowledge positive effects of change as it occurs; assist client to recognize need for continued supports for sustained change. 5. Maintenance stage: Person strives to sustain changes made in action phase. Help client identify and use strategies to prevent relapse; client may exit wheel, into permanent maintenance. Help client renew process of contemplation, determination and action, without becoming stuck or demoralized due to relapse. Assist client to develop network of supports; utilize and adjust to each of these supports; gain a working understanding of clients motivation for change; explore and understand client’s use of deterrents from previous behaviors; explore and avoid potential relapse pitfalls. 6. Relapse stage: Person has minor slips or major relapses; seen as normal part of change process. Relapse: Client has minor slip or major relapse. Assist client to renew motivation and efforts; explore utilization of, or failure to, utilize previous deterrents to relapse; explore and discover possible pitfalls; help client to learn from relapse; relapse is not considered to be a failure of treatment; client does not suffer treatmentmodel-imposed consequences; empathy, support and encouragement are provided until client moves beyond relapse. Removing barriers Dual diagnosis treatment approaches and motivational interviewing interventions represent far-reaching changes for substance abuse treatment and comprehensive services, within both the mental health and substance abuse systems. The removal of the long-standing barriers of traditional substance abuse treatment readiness criteria opens the way for persons with various profiles of singular, dual and multiple disorders, including the homeless, the incarcerated, and others who have been disengaged. These people will be provided an opportunity to develop the trust necessary to participate in an exploration of their situation, and thereby to make informed decisions regarding change These non-confrontational, non-threatening approaches that are necessary for those who have a severe mental illness will also embrace others who might never have the opportunity to participate in substance abuse treatment due to their inability to acknowledge substance abuse as a problem, become motivated, or tolerate intense confrontational interactions. Figure 3: Motivational Interviewing Principles And Dual Diagnosis Correlates Motivational Interviewing Technique 1. Express empathy. This is seen as the corner-stone of the intervention process and relates to all and any experiences conveyed by the client. It is marked by the underlying attitude of acceptance. It includes warmth and reflective listening in an effort to understand the clients feelings and perspectives without judging, criticizing or blaming. It conveys respect. Ambivalence is accepted as a normal part of human experience not as psychopathology. 2. Develop discrepancy. Awareness of consequences is important. A discrepancy between present behavior and important goals will motivate change. The client should present the arguments for change. Dual Diagnosis Correlate Acceptance of all symptoms in all phases is essential. The development of trust is a part of the treatment process. Understanding and pro-viding information about the real properties of each disorder, and dispelling moral beliefs, stigma and judgments is a formative goal. Provide atmosphere that is conducive for client to move toward self disclosure through trust. Assist client to recognize adverse effects and consequences of singular/dual disorders and interaction effects through an integral understanding of information and personal experience. Acknowledge and actualize clients considerations for change through discussion. 3. Avoid Argumentation. Arguments are counter productive. Defending breeds defensiveness. Resistance is a signal to change strategies. Labeling is unnecessary. Clients opinions and beliefs are respected. Therapist and peers may hold different views but they are not expressed in rebuttal to clients beliefs. Defending is unnecessary. A non-confrontational approach to resistance or denial is utilized. Client explores effects or symptoms of various disorders and does not have to accept labels. Topic areas are explored from many different perspectives, with client as critic versus student. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. In group treatment all clients participate in finding solutions for themselves and one another. Support, encouragement and the belief in the possibility of change is essential. For clients who have severe mental ealth symptoms that may impair a vision for the future, the therapist must envision the outcome of change and pre-sent such possibilities to the client. The client participates in the course of action for change. 4. Roll with resistance. New perspectives are invited by not imposed. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. 5. Support self-efficacy. Belief in the possibility of change is an important motiv ator. The client is responsible for choosing and carrying out personal change. There is hope in the range of alternative approaches available. As the number of mental health and other providers who find the new nonconfrontational approaches to be comfortable and in keeping with their therapeutic style increases, the total number of substance abuse treatment providers will rise correspondingly. This will greatly increase the availability of substance abuse services. Most important, the quality of care will proceed in the direction of the development of trust, respect, empathy, empowerment, and will measure success along a multitude of criteria. The systemic changes will yield both mental health and substance abuse agencies more comprehensive in scope. This will change the course of history that has eliminated dually diagnosed clients and other client profiles who have been deemed unmotivated or not ready for treatment. Agencies may readily include services that employ an exploratory versus expert approach. This will provide many opportunities to provide education within all models of service. For some substance abuse practitioners dual diagnosis treatment and motivational interviewing interventions may represent a dramatic departure from their current practice and echniques. Miller and Rollnick suggest that motivational interviewing techniques be included in ones tool box of interventions and be utilized when traditional approaches fail. It is clear that these new interventions and efforts to accomplish comprehensive care will carry forward into the new millennium. Each of these changes represents models of inclusion and will replace the exclusionary models that have resulted in serious casualties among persons who suffer with sin gular, dual or multiple disorders. Kathleen Sciacca is founding executive director of Sciacca Comprehensive Service Development for Mental Illness, Drug Addiction and Alcoholism (MIDAA) in New York City. She is a nationally and internationally known consultant, program developer, lecturer, and seminar leader for dual diagnosis and a trainer of motivational interviewing. Sciacca is author of the MIDAA Service Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Program Implementation and Integrated Treatment for Dual Disorders, and producer of the education and training video, Integrated Treatment for MIDAA: The Alaska Example. Dual Diagnosis Website: http://pobox. com/~dualdiagnosis Motivational interviewing free essay sample Introduction Motivational interviewing may be defined as â€Å"a collaborative, goal-oriented style of communication with particular attention to the language of change. It is designed to strengthen personal motivation for and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the person’s own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion† (Miller and Rollnick 2012). It is this students aim to demonstrate an understanding of this concept. This will be achieved by critiquing a digital recording of a case scenario that this student previously recorded. Throughout this essay an understanding of the guiding principles used in motivational interviewing will be discussed along with interviewing skills. This student will critique herself on the use of the guiding principles and skills during the digital recording. Skills Motivational Interviewing (MI) involves certain techniques that help bring MI ‘to life’ so to speak. These skills demonstrate the MI principles; they guide the process toward provoking patient change talk and commitment change. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Change talk in a patient is an indication for the nurse the patient is considering the possibility of change. There are different types of change talk which can be described using the acronym DARN. D- Desire (I want to change) A- ability (I can change) R- reason (the importance of change) and N-need (I should change). Another set of vital skills are used to bring about this ‘change talk’. This time the acronym OARS is used. O- Open ended question; these questions are not easily answered by simply saying ‘yes/no’. These questions encourage elaboration. A- Affirmation; these are statements that help recognise patients strengths; this helps the patient feel that change is possible. R- Reflection; this is an important skill in MI; it links in the principle ‘listen with empathy’. This skill is about listening carefully to give reflective responses. This helps the patient feel that s/he is being understood. S- Summarise; this allows the nurse and patient recap on the highlights of the conversation, it can see both sides of the patient’s ambivalence therefore both the patient and nurse can select what information should be included and what information can be minimised. Throughout the digital recording I felt as though I severely lacked these skills however change talk did occur throughout the end with the patient stating â€Å"I know I should change†. Principles The principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI) were developed in 2002; expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing discrepancy and rolling with resistance (Miller and Rollnick, 2002). Recently new principles were established using the acronym RULE; R- resist the righting reflex, U- understand your clients motivation, L- listen to your client and E- empower your client (Rollnick 2008). Resist the righting reflex: correcting a patient or giving them an alternative rather than providing guidance is often a common flaw among nurses. Resist the righting reflex refers to the inclination of wanting to fix the problem straight away and by doing so decreasing the likelihood of the patient themselves wanting to change (Rosengren, 2009). Throughout the digital recording I can see myself wanting to change the persons smoking habit asking her â€Å"have you ever thought about giving up As it is seriously affecting your health. † Instead I should have asked a more open question such as â€Å"How do you feel about cutting down on cigarettes? † . As a nurse, we have the desire to help our patients change a situation so they become happier, healthier or perhaps lead a more productive life-style. The phrase â€Å"resist the righting reflex† refers to the need to resist the tendency to set our patients on the right track towards the goal we want to achieve with them. As humans we have a natural tendency to avoid persuasion (Rollnick and Miller 2002). We can see this in the digital recording at the start, the minute I offer for her to go and see â€Å"someone†, she immediately backs up by saying â€Å"no, it’s not the right time†. According to Herman et al 2011, when we, as humans, hear reasons why we should change, our minds automatically contemplate reasons why we shouldn’t. In this situation the patient has other â€Å"issues† going on in her life at the present moment rather that quitting smoking. As a nurse I have to accept this. It was poorly portrayed in the digital recording in my opinion. Resistance is the active process of pushing against reason for change (Herman et al 2011). This active process can be influenced by nurses either positively or negatively. Increased resistance may occur by convincing the patient they have a problem, arguing the benefits of change if the patient changes, by telling the patient how to change and by warning the patient of the consequences if they do not change (Moyers et al, 2007). In the digital recording, I can see myself using these negative influences, I warn the patient of serious health consequences caused by smoking, I also say that her â€Å"angina is linked with smoking†. In future I will not take such a harsh approach and let the patient realise him/herself the situation with guidance from myself. I can see I interrupt the patient quite frequently which naturally enough puts strain on the conversation. However, as nurses we can positively influence the patient by using the concept developed by Rollnick and Miller (2002); â€Å"rolling with resistance†. This principle avoids confronting the patient when resistance occurs. Any proclamations or action that may demonstrate resistance remain unchallenged. This in turn helps the patient to define their own problem and therefore can develop a unique solution which leaves little time to resist. In other words, the nurse through guidance and support avoids the ‘righting reflex’, he/she lets the patient express their problem and concern and with guidance, construct a solution while making sure the patient understands the motives for change. Towards the end of the digital recording we can hear ‘change talk’, the patient states â€Å"I know smoking is bad†, I feel I did guide the patient better towards the end eventually getting a deeper insight to her situation and felt a sense of achievement. Understand your patient motivations: In order for the patient to want to change for his/her own benefit, the motivational interviewer must understand the patients motivations. The purpose of MI is that motivation must come from within the patient (Rollinick et al 2008). In other words as nurses we should not motivate our patients; we help them to seek their own unique motivation factor as the patient’s own reasons for change are most likely to trigger change (Miller and Rollinick, 2002). As nurses, we help the patient recognise where they are and where they want to be. It is important for the patient themselves to recognise the discrepancies that already exist and how their behaviour impacts their goal. Miller and Rollinick (2002) describe how a patient may very well want to stop something i. e. their level of alcohol consumption or the amount of cigarettes smoked per day, however they want to and they don’t want to. We can see an example of this in the recording the patient states â€Å"I want to give up but I don’t want to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this isn’t the right time†. This ambivalence is part of human nature. Patients are naturally ambivalent. It is seen as normal as it is a natural process of change (Tobutt 2011). Rollinick et al, 2008 states that â€Å"When a person seems unmotivated to change or take the sound advice of practitioners, it is often assumed that there is something the matter with the patient and that there is not much one can do about it. These assumptions are usually false. No person is completely unmotivated†. This is seen throughout the digital recording, you can see how ambivalent the patient is. She wants to cut down her smoking habit but it’s not the right time. The patient is seen to lack motivation. However I have used the skill of open questioning to get the patient to express the reason behind this. Through active listening I was able to identify a problem that may be an obstacle in the path to achieve the goal we wanted. At the end the patient identified her own goal, she found motivation from within. Listen with empathy: this principle contains two vital words associated with MI. Listen and empathy. According to Rosengren (2009), listening may be obvious however putting this into practice may prove otherwise. Throughout the digital recording I did look as if I was listening attentively, however I do remember how difficult the skill active listening was. I had to be aware of my body language at all times. Although I have my arms crossed throughout the recording, my body stance was not uninviting in my opinion. Eye contact was also important. I feel I achieved this during the recording without being too empowering. Patients come to us nurses for advice and for our expertise. An environment in which a patient feels comfortable exploring and expressing their feelings must be created. We can create this by being empathetic. In the digital recording it is obvious the patient wanted to talk to myself not some other professional. I did not recognise this at first as I keep saying â€Å"do you want to speak to someone (councillor) about this? † I should have realised this and appreciated the fact that I was the one she wanted to speak to. I repeated this statement too many times; I feel if this was a real life patient/nurse situation, the patient would not open up to me. In future I will be more acutely aware of these situations. To approach a situation with empathy provides an environment for the patient to be heard and understood. Miller and Rollinick (2002) described this type of approach as a â€Å"fundamental and defining characteristic†. Empathy involves seeing the world through the patient’s eyes. If the patient feels understood they open up more and let the nurse or listener in on their deeper thoughts and feelings (McCabe 2004). Rosengren (2009) believes clinicians express this vital principle by using the skill ‘reflective listening’. I feel as if I did not give enough empathy to the patient at the start I did not giving her enough time to speak as I often interrupted. However the patient did open up in the end expressing her deeper feelings to me so perhaps she did feel at ease telling me about her situation. In my opinion I relaxed more as the digital recording went on, this influenced the patient and the conversation flowed more as a result. Conclusion In conclusion this student has learned a lot about motivational interviewing and how important it is to put these principles into nursing practice. MI is imperative to nursing practice, as it involves patient desires, thoughts and feelings as a way to encourage the patients themselves to express their own barriers to change and to explore and resolve ambivalence to behavioural change. This student will take a lot of valuable lessons away with her after completing this assignment. In future this student feels she will have less frustration with those who aren’t planning to change and more patience with those who are contemplating change but are still full of ambivalence. This student has learned how important the skills are in relation to the principles. In order to follow the guiding principles, skills should be followed to achieve the best possible outcome in patient centred care.